Risk Factors for Mother to Child Transmission of HIV in Southwest Ethiopia

Sime, Abiot Girma; Adamu, Birtikuan Tsehayneh; Tesfamichael, Fessahaye Alemseged; Amentie, Lamessa Dube; Gebrehiwot, TsegayeTewelde

doi:10.5152/eurjther.2018.399

Cited by 3 publications

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“…HIV-exposed children who had been mixed breastfed were 10 times more likely to get infected with HIV than those who had been exclusive breastfed or replacement fed. This finding is consistent with the studies done in Zimbabwe [ 30 ] Kenya [ 31 ] Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire [ 32 ], Assela [ 33 ], Addis Ababa [ 24 ], southwest Ethiopia [ 34 ], Dire Dawa [ 29 ] and southern Ethiopia [ 35 ]. The possible reason for this might be breast milk is the ideal food for newborns and infants in the first 6 months due to their immature gastrointestinal system.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Determinants of HIV infection among children born to HIV positive mothers on prevention of mother to child transmission program at referral hospitals in west Amhara, Ethiopia; case control study

et al. 2022

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Background Human Immune Deficiency Virus infection among children has continued to be a global concern with an estimated 160,000 new infections in 2018. Over 90% acquire HIV from their mother. Currently, 92% of pregnant women are on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Despite, greater achievements in coverage of PMTCT and ARV drug in Ethiopia as well as in west Amhara, child HIV infections are yet an important public health problem with a high transmission rate. There are limited studies done in Ethiopia on identifying determinants of child HIV infection. Objective This study was aimed at identifying determinants of HIV infection among children born to HIV positive mothers on the PMTCT program at referral hospitals in the west Amhara, Ethiopia, 2021. Methods An unmatched case–control study was conducted at referral hospitals in the west Amhara region, Ethiopia. Data were collected through document review, which has been registered from July 1, 2016 to July 1, 2020. A two-stage sampling technique was applied. Consecutive sampling technique for cases and simple random sampling technique for controls was done to include a total of 320 samples (66 cases and 254 controls). Epi data 4.6 for data entry and SPSS 23 for analysis were used. Variables with p- value ≤0.2 in bivariate regression were run in the multivariable logistic regression and AOR with 95% CI and a p-value ≤0.05 was used to declare determinants. Result Home delivery (AOR = 4.3; 95%CI: 2.0, 11.6), mixed feeding (AOR = 10; 95%CI: 3.2, 17.9), poor maternal ARV drug adherence (AOR = 4.3; 95% CI: 1.4, 13.4), advanced WHO clinical stage (AOR = 11.4; 95% CI: 4.1,19.1), poor nevirapine adherence (AOR = 10; 95% CI: 3.2, 22.4) and late enrollment of the infant (AOR = 15; 95% CI: 3.0, 3.0,20.5) were determinants. Conclusion Minister of Health and NGOs should work on mobilization of the community and awareness creation on the important of exclusive breast feeding, drugs adherence, on benefit of health institutional delivery as well as the risk of homedelivery.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Determinants of HIV infection among children born to HIV positive mothers on prevention of mother to child transmission program at referral hospitals in west Amhara, Ethiopia; case control study

et al. 2022

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“…This finding is in line with the finding of studies done in Dire-Dawa city, Eastern Ethiopia24 and other studies in Northwestern Ethiopia 34. Similar findings were also identified from a study in Southwestern Ethiopia 35. This might be attributed to low PMTCT service utilisation in rural areas because of awareness problems and distance from the health facilities.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Mothers who gave birth at home were six times more likely to transmit the infection to their children than their counterparts. This finding was also comparable to evidence of studies conducted elsewhere24 25 35 36 and it is attributed to the fact that mothers who gave birth at home have less chance of getting safe delivery practice than those who gave birth at health facility and children born at home may not get ARV prophylaxis and other preventive services immediately after birth which increase risk of acquiring the infection.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Although PMTCT greatly reduces the transmission of the virus from infected mother to her child, various factors are shown to be associated with MTCT among mothers on PMTCT 18–26 31–35. In this study, the multivariable logistic analysis revealed that mothers who live in rural areas were four times more likely to infect their children compared with urban residents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…34 Similar findings were also identified from a study in Southwestern Ethiopia. 35 This might be attributed to low PMTCT service utilisation in rural areas because of awareness problems and distance from the health facilities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of HIV infection among children born from mothers on prevention of mother to child transmission programme of HIV in southern Ethiopia: a case–control study

et al. 2022

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ObjectiveThis study was aimed to identify determinants of HIV infection among children born from mothers on the prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) programme in Southern Ethiopia. It was designed to explore the main contributors to the considerable transmission rate of HIV from mother to child.Setting and designA multicentre facility-based unmatched case–control study was conducted using 27 health facilities providing PMTCT service in Southern Ethiopia.ParticipantsOut of 307 (62 cases and 245 controls) expected to participate in this study, a total of 290 mother–child pairs of 58 cases and 232 controls have completed the interview. Cases were children born to mothers on PMTCT programme and with DNA PCR or antibody HIV positive test result at ≤24 months of age. Controls were children born to mothers on PMTCT programme and with DNA PCR or antibody HIV negative test result at ≤24 months of age.ResultData were collected from the mother and record and analysed using SPSS V.20. Logistic regression analysis was done for statistical association and the significance of association was declared at a p value of <0.05. Rural residence (adjusted OR (AOR): 4.15, 95% CI: (1.57 to 10.97)), knowing serostatus during current pregnancy (AOR: 5.11, 95% CI: (1.33 to 19.69)), home delivery (AOR: 6.00, 95% CI: (2.310 to 15.593)), poor partner involvement (AOR: 5.95, 95% CI: 1.91 to 18.53)), poor adherence, late enrolment of the child for ARV prophylaxis (AOR: 4.89, 95% CI: 1.34 to 17.88)), mixed breastfeeding practice (AOR: 10.36, 95% CI: (3.10 to 34.60)) and failure to be on cotrimoxazole therapy (AOR: 7.56, 95% CI: 2.07 to 27.61)) were factors significantly associated with MTCT.ConclusionThe finding implies that more needs to be done on rural residents, strengthening screening for HIV before pregnancy, encouraging male involvement, early enrolment of child for ARV prophylaxis, avoiding mixed breast feeding and putting newborn on cotrimoxazole therapy.

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Maternal and neonatal risk factors associated with increased mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Mexico: Results of a case–control study

et al. 2022

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Background Maternal, obstetric and neonatal factors that increase the possibility of mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT) are known as mechanisms of transmission. Our aim was to determine the risk factors associated with MTCT in Mexico. Methods We conducted a case–control study from March to December 2015. Cases were 60 mothers with HIV infection who transmitted HIV to their children, and controls were 120 mothers with HIV infection whose children tested negative for HIV. Data were extracted from medical records and a self-reported questionnaire for each participant. To determine associations with MTCT, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained with the chi-squared test and a logistic-regression modeling. Results A total of 180 patients were included. HIV diagnosis for cases occurred after pregnancy in 88% of the patients, during pregnancy in 9%, and before pregnancy in 3% of patients. Among the controls, 38% of patients were diagnosed before pregnancy, 32% during pregnancy, and 30% after pregnancy. In multivariate analysis, the risk factors associated with MTCT were: absence of antiretroviral treatment during pregnancy (OR 5.21; 95% CI 1.24–16.11; p = 0.019); vaginal delivery (OR 3.2; 95% CI 1.27–8.26; p = 0.014); forceps-assisted delivery (OR 13.4; 95% CI 1.91–93.66; p = 0.009); breastfeeding (OR 6.23; 95% CI 2.27–17.05; p = <0.001) and the practice of mixed breastfeeding (OR 4.6; 95% CI 1.56–13.73; p = 0.006). Conclusions MTCT is preventable with early diagnosis; treatment initiation before pregnancy and avoidance breastfeeding could decrease the risk of transmitting HIV to their children.

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Risk Factors for Mother to Child Transmission of HIV in Southwest Ethiopia

Cited by 3 publications

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Determinants of HIV infection among children born to HIV positive mothers on prevention of mother to child transmission program at referral hospitals in west Amhara, Ethiopia; case control study

Determinants of HIV infection among children born to HIV positive mothers on prevention of mother to child transmission program at referral hospitals in west Amhara, Ethiopia; case control study

Determinants of HIV infection among children born from mothers on prevention of mother to child transmission programme of HIV in southern Ethiopia: a case–control study

Maternal and neonatal risk factors associated with increased mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Mexico: Results of a case–control study

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