Risk factors for neck and shoulder disorders: A nested case-control study covering a 24-year period

Neither the WAD-classification nor the Quebec Task Force follow-up regimen seems to be important for the outcome after a whiplash injury. A prospective study on 186 consecutive patients

“…Earlier episodes of neck/shoulder pain are known to have a considerable impact on the risk for new episodes of neck/shoulder pain. Neck symptoms in 1969 were risk factors of neck disorders 24 years later [10]. This is in agreement with our finding that previous neck pain was a prognostic factor.…”

Risk factors for neck-shoulder and wrist-hand symptoms in a 5-year follow-up study of 3,990 employees in Denmark

“…Malchaire et al (2001) found evidence of association between workload in the previous job and musculoskeletal disorders in the neck-shoulder region. Longitudinal studies of musculoskeletal symptoms have had time gaps between occupational exposure and follow-up from 1 year and up to 24 years (Fredriksson et al 1999(Fredriksson et al , 2000Eriksen et al 1999;Estlander et al 1998;Leino and Magni 1993; Ö stergren et al, The percentage of employees exposed ‡3/4 of their working hours c The percentage of employees exposed ‡1/4 of their working hours d Wilcoxon rank-sum test manuscript submitted; Schibye et al 1995;Viikari-Juntura et al 1991, 1994. The use of self-reported symptoms within the past 12 months as outcome implied that the measured symptoms were of varying severity.…”

“…There were interacting effects of twisting movements and working with the hands above shoulder level and mental stress, respectively. Frequent body bending and twisting, work with the arms above shoulder level and lifting more than 5 kg were included in an index of physical workload that was found to be associated with neck-shoulder disorders, among men, in the study by Fredriksson et al (2000). This effect interacted with the effect of a social relation index.…”

“…This may not be surprising, except that former smokers showed a higher odds ratio estimate for the development of symptoms in the neck-shoulder area than current smokers (Viikari-Juntura et al 1994Fredriksson et al 2000). Smoking status was not associated with symptoms among the men.…”

“…Among women, job strain was also associated with neck-shoulder pain, and the two factors acted synergistically. In a case-control study with 24 years of follow-up, Fredriksson et al (2000) found similar associations: in analyses of associations between leisure-time activities, physical and psychosocial occupational factors and neck-shoulder disorders, mainly psychosocial factors were associated with neck-shoulder disorders among women, whereas mainly physical factors were associated with disorders among men. Interacting effects of leisure-time factors, physical and psychosocial factors were found and the patterns were different for men and women.…”