Risk factors for non‐syndromic oral clefts: a matched case–control study in Hubei Province, China

Abstract

In our study, we identified that paternal occupational exposure, first-trimester maternal illness, first-trimester maternal bad mood, first-trimester maternal diet of eggs or milk (≥5 meals per week), and first-trimester maternal sexual activities were significantly associated with increased CL/P.

A discriminant analysis prediction model of non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate based on risk factors

“…Consistent with previous studies, a low family income [14], not attending premarital medical examinations [35], family history [14–16], maternal occupational hazards exposure [21, 22] and paternal occupational hazards exposure [23] selected as predictors were significantly associated with NSCL/P. According to Krapels et al who examined maternal nutritional factors related to orofacial cleft in Netherlands, increasing intake of vegetable protein can decrease the risk of orofacial cleft [36].…”

“…Shaw et al found that decreased NSCL/P risk was associated with increased intake of total protein [25]. In China, a case–control study conducted in Hubei Province showed that maternal diet of eggs or milk in first trimmest of pregnancy was significantly associated with a decreased risk of NSCL/P [23]. Similar result was found in our study, showing that milk/soymilk intake in the first trimester of pregnancy was significantly related to NSCL/P.…”

“…Recently, most studies have focused on the identification of risk factors of NSCL/P. Many epidemiological studies have confirmed that maternal age [10–12], maternal educational level [2, 13], family income [13, 14], abnormal reproductive histories [15], family history [14–16], history of infection during pregnancy [17], medication use during pregnancy [18, 19], ambient environment pollution [20], parental occupational hazards exposure [21–23], maternal nutrient intake [23–26], and maternal lifestyle factors (alcohol drinking, smoking) [27–29] are associated with NSCL/P. However, an individual risk prediction tool for NSCL/P has not been reported.…”

Determinantes sociales adversos y riesgo para anomalías congénitas seleccionadas

“…La ocupación paterna fue reportada en la literatura como factor de riesgo para labio leporino; 26 frecuentemente, granjeros y pintores, por exposición a agroquímicos y a solventes, podrían en forma indirecta exponer a la madre. Otra posible explicación podría ser el estilo de vida materno, con mayor exposición al alcohol y al tabaco 27,28 o a contaminantes ambientales 29 durante el embarazo, por residir en regiones vulnerables a normas de control y seguridad en el manejo de tóxicos.…”

Adverse social determinants and risk for congenital anomalies

“…The paternal employment modality was reported in the literature as a risk factor for cleft lip 26 given that they are often farmers and painters who are exposed to agrochemicals and solvents, which may result in an indirect exposure for mothers. Other likely explanation may be maternal lifestyle which entails a higher degree of exposure to alcohol and tobacco 27,28 or environmental contaminants 29 during pregnancy because they live in regions subjected to poor regulation regarding toxic agent management and safety.…”