“…Most primary caregivers of left-behind children are their grandparents, whose educational level tends to be low and knowledge related to children's health, nutrition and development are poor, profoundly affecting child-rearing beliefs and practices. This kind of population often tends to be exposed to high risks for NCDs as well, as a national surveillance showed that those who are older, who live in eastern or central China or who are poorly educated tended to more likely be exposed to multiple risk factors for NCDs, such as insufficient intake of fruit and vegetables, overweight and obesity, raised blood pressure, physical inactivity, raised total serum cholesterol, and raised blood glucose (30). Therefore, in rural China, it should be highlighted that in such a population it is crucial to not only control NCDs at the community level, but also to address the double burden of malnutrition of rural children.…”