Risk factors for obesity in 7-year-old European children: the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative Study

Blair, Nikki J; Thompson, John M. D.; Black, Peter; Becroft, D. M. O.; Clark, P.; Han, Dug Yeo; Robinson, Elizabeth; Waldie, Karen E.; Wild, C. J.; Mitchell, Edwin A.

doi:10.1136/adc.2007.116855

Cited by 90 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…While CWG did significantly relate to later adiposity, it was much more strongly related to size than to adiposity. A number of studies have now shown a relationship between early weight gain and later adiposity (5,6,(22)(23)(24)(25) , which demonstrates that many children destined to become obese are probably already laying down excess fat in infancy. However, those studies which also considered the relationship between adiposity and height or lean mass also generally found a stronger association with (15) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

To what extent do weight gain and eating avidity during infancy predict later adiposity?

Wright

Cox

Sherriff³

et al. 2011

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To determine the extent to which weight gain and eating behaviours in infancy predict later adiposity. Design: Population-based, prospective, longitudinal birth cohort study. Weights collected in infancy were used to calculate Z-scores for weight gain to age 1 year conditional on birth weight (CWG). To avoid multiple significance tests, variables from the parent questionnaire completed at age 1 year describing eating avidity were combined using general linear modelling to create an infancy avidity score. Anthropometry, skinfold thicknesses and bioelectrical impedance data collected at age 7-8 years were combined using factor analysis, to create an adiposity index. Setting: Gateshead, UK. Subjects: Members of the Gateshead Millennium Study cohort with data at both time points (n 561). Results: CWG in infancy significantly predicted adiposity at age 7 years, but related more strongly to length and lean mass. High adiposity (. 90th internal percentile) at age 7 years was significantly associated with high CWG (relative risk 2?76; 95 % CI 1?5, 5?1) in infancy, but less so with raised (. 74th internal percentile) eating avidity in infancy (relative risk 1?87; 95 % CI 0?9, 3?7). However, the majority of children with high weight gain (77?6 %) or avidity (85?5 %) in infancy did not go on to have high adiposity at age 7 years. Conclusions: Rapid weight gain in infancy and the eating behaviours which relate to it do predict later adiposity, but are more strongly predictive of later stature and lean mass. Keywords Obesity Weight velocity Feeding behaviour InfancyA number of studies have found significant associations between rapid infancy weight gain and later overweight (1) , leading to the suggestion that prevention (2,3) and even treatment of childhood obesity (4,5) should begin as early as the first year of life. However, weight gain in infancy reflects growth in bone and muscle as well as fat and some infants will be showing rapid gain in height or lean mass rather than adiposity (6) . Thus while on average rapid weight gain may predict later adiposity, what is not clear is how well it would prospectively identify individual children at risk. There is also recent research that suggests there are distinctive childhood eating behaviours related to overweight which may reflect an inherent tendency to overeat (7) , so eating behaviour in infancy could predispose to, or protect against, later obesity (7,8) .Apart from studies examining how the type and style of milk feeding relates to later obesity (9-11) , we currently know little about eating behaviour in infancy and even less about how it tracks on to later adiposity or eating style. We hypothesised that eating avidity, a global term to denote enthusiasm and hunger for food, might be a useful predictor of gain in fat. The Gateshead Millennium Study was set up in order to examine infant growth and weight gain and how this relates to eating behaviour, prospectively measured from birth (12) . These children have now been followed into childhood where me...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

To what extent do weight gain and eating avidity during infancy predict later adiposity?

Wright

Cox

Sherriff³

et al. 2011

Public Health Nutr.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Children of obese mothers also have increased risk of higher BMI in adult life [12]. While a shared post-natal environment and genetic susceptibility are likely contributors [13], the greater influence of maternal than paternal BMI on childhood BMI reported in some cohort studies may indicate an independent influence of the intrauterine environment on offspring adiposity [14]. Maternal gestational diabetes, which is strongly associated with maternal obesity, has also been associated with offspring childhood obesity [15].…”

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confidence: 99%

Established diet-induced obesity in female rats leads to offspring hyperphagia, adiposity and insulin resistance

et al. 2009

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Aims/hypothesis Accumulating evidence suggests that maternal obesity may increase the risk of metabolic disease in the offspring. We investigated the effects of established maternal diet-induced obesity on male and female offspring appetite, glucose homeostasis and body composition in rats. Methods Female Wistar rats were fed either a standard chow (3% fat, 7% sugar [wt/wt]) or a palatable obesogenic diet (11% fat, 43% sugar [wt/wt]) for 8 weeks before mating and throughout pregnancy and lactation. Male and female offspring of control and obese dams were weaned on to standard chow and assessed until 12 months of age. Results At mating, obese dams were heavier than control with associated hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. Male and female offspring of obese dams were hyperphagic (p<0.0001) and heavier than control (p<0.0001) until 12 months of age. NEFA were raised at 2 months but not at 12 months. At 3 months, OGTT showed more pronounced alteration of glucose homeostasis in male than in female offspring of obese animals. Euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamps performed at 8 to 9 months in female and 10 to 11 months in male offspring revealed insulin resistance in male offspring of obese dams (p<0.05 compared with control). Body compositional analysis at 12 months also showed increased fat pad weights in male and female offspring of obese animals. Conclusions/interpretation Diet-induced obesity in female rats leads to a state of insulin resistance in male offspring, associated with development of obesity and increased adiposity. An increase in food intake may play a role.

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“…Across the lifespan in New Zealand, there are clear disparities in health outcomes and body size differences between Māoris and Europeans: early stage obesity is evident in more Māori children of preschool age (Blair et al, 2007;Ministry of Health, 2008). Such obese children and adolescents already show signs of metabolic change (Cali and Caprio, 2008), highlighting the need for early preventative action.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking of body mass indices over 2 years in Māori and European children

et al. 2011

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Background/Objectives: In 2002, the prevalence of overweight and obesity, defined by body mass index (BMI), was higher in New Zealand Māori (40%) and Pacific (60%) than in European (24%) children; however, this does not take into account interethnic differences in body composition. This study compared trajectories Results: Body composition and growth in Māori children is different from European children. Over 2 years, the BMI and %BF s.d. scores in both 5-and 10-year-old cohorts increased more in Māori children than in European children. The prevalence of overweight and obesity also increased within ethnicity and age group. The relative change of FMI and FFMI differed by age group, gender and ethnicity. In Māori girls, the magnitude of the changes between 10 and 12 years of age was most marked-the major contribution was from an increase in FMI. At 12 years, the mean %BF of Māori girls was 31.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 30.1 and 33.3) compared with that of European girls (28.0%; 95% CI: 27.0 and 29.0). Conclusions: FM and FFM measures provide a more appropriate understanding of growth and body composition change in children than BMI, and vary with gender and ethnicity. Thus, FMI and FFMI should be tracked and compared among populations.

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Risk factors for obesity in 7-year-old European children: the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative Study

Cited by 90 publications

References 32 publications

To what extent do weight gain and eating avidity during infancy predict later adiposity?

To what extent do weight gain and eating avidity during infancy predict later adiposity?

Established diet-induced obesity in female rats leads to offspring hyperphagia, adiposity and insulin resistance

Tracking of body mass indices over 2 years in Māori and European children

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