Risk factors for orofacial clefts in India: A case–control study

Abstract

Background: Orofacial clefts (OFC) are linked with several genetic and environmental factors. The aim of this study was to explore the association of potential risk factors with OFCs in India. Methods: This was a hospital-based, matched case-control (1:4 ratio; matching done for parity) study conducted in Hyderabad, Bengaluru, and Delhi-National Capital Region. Cases (nonsyndromic clefts) were recruited from treatment centers, while controls (live births) were recruited from maternity centers. p value 5 0.001), and delayed first conception (AOR, 2.55, 95% CI, 1.25-5.21, p 5 0.01) were found to be strongly associated with higher risk of OFCs. Supplementation with folic acid during first 3 months of pregnancy was not found to be protective against OFCs (AOR, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.59-2.58; p value 5 0.56). Conclusion: Our study confirmed the importance of family history as a risk factor for OFC. Our study did not show an association with folic acid supplementation but was underpowered to detect small effects. Our finding of higher risk among vegetarians requires replication.

Factores de riesgo asociados a fisuras no sindrómicas de labio y paladar en neonatos del Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, 2012 -2017

“…En la actualidad, la etiología de las fisuras no sindrómicas de labio y paladar no ha sido aclarada; y se llega a la conclusión de que estos son defectos de nacimiento multifactoriales, causados por factores genéticos y ambientales que trabajan solos o en combinación 14 .…”

“…Los avances en los estudios de investigación genética han llevado a los autores a concluir que se derivan de un origen multifactorial, resultante de la interacción de factores genéticos y ambientales 14 . Pese a estas cifras altas que se dan en nuestro país, no existen aquí muchos estudios con respecto a las fisuras de labio y paladar ni acerca de los factores de riesgo que predisponen a tener esta malformación.…”

Environmental mechanisms of orofacial clefts

“…Higher quality diet, from the standpoint of the Mediterranean diet and USDA Food Guide Pyramid, is associated with better outcomes for orofacial development (Carmichael et al, 2012). Some research indicates that vegetarian diets increase the risk of OFCs (Neogi et al, 2017), possibly because of a lack of vitamins (specifically, cobalamin), minerals, and fatty acids that are more prevalent in animal products (Pistollato et al, 2015). In a Chinese study, maternal consumption of tea and pickled food was associated with higher risk of OFCs, whereas soy consumption was protective (Lili et al, 2017).…”

An ecological study on orofacial clefts in northeastern Brazil

“…The etiology of OFC is polygenic and multi-factorial (5). Exposure to risk factors in pregnancy such as alcohol may induce cleft lip and palate.…”