Risk Factors for Premature Coronary Heart Disease in Women Compared to Men: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The rate of hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) among young patients is increasing. Healthcare disparities remain unsolved among female patients. We explored gender differences regarding risk factors, clinical presentation, in-hospital treatment, and long-term outcomes among ACS patients. A total of 445 patients with very early ACS (men ≤ 35 years and women ≤ 40 years of age) were followed for a median of 5 years. Primary clinical endpoint was the composite of cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, and coronary revascularization. Women accounted for 16% of cases. Smoking was the most prevalent risk factor, 56% and 60% of the females and males, respectively, continued to smoke after ACS. Chest pain was typical in 85% and 83% of the female and male patients, respectively. In-hospital treatment (pharmacological and reperfusion) as well as the composite clinical endpoint during follow-up did not differ between female and male patients. Lipid-lowering therapy was suboptimal in both genders, and persistence of smoking was the sole predictor for the composite clinical endpoint (hazard ratio: 2.30 [95% CI: 1.26–4.20]; P = .007). In conclusion, in-hospital treatment was similar between male and female patients. However, the majority of them continued smoking, and this was an independent predictor for future adverse outcomes.

show abstract

scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.

Contact Info

customersupport@researchsolutions.com

10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614

Henderson, NV 89052, USA

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.

Blog Terms and Conditions API Terms Privacy Policy Contact Cookie Preferences Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information

Made with 💙 for researchers

Part of the Research Solutions Family.

Risk Factors for Premature Coronary Heart Disease in Women Compared to Men: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cited by 4 publications

References 82 publications

Risk Factors for Early-Onset Versus Late-Onset Coronary Heart Disease (CHD): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Risk Factors for Early-Onset Versus Late-Onset Coronary Heart Disease (CHD): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The heterogeneity of metabolic syndrome presentation and challenges this causes in its pharmacological management: a narrative review focusing on principal risk modifiers

Gender Differences Among Very Young Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: Long-Term Follow-Up of the STAMINA Study

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About