Risk factors for prostate and testicular cancer

Boyle, P.; Заридзе, Давид

doi:10.1016/s0959-8049(05)80222-9

Cited by 44 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Both vitamin A and carotenoids have been the subject of conflicting reports (Boyle and Zaridze, 1993;Pienta and Esper, 1993;Giovannucci, 1995;Kolonel et al, 1987Kolonel et al, , 1988Le Marchand et al, 1991) and, in our study, no clear association with either was found. On the other hand, vitamin C was associated with a rather strong protective effect.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 64%

“…Previous studies and reviews have reported increased risks of prostate cancer associated with red meat intake (Kolonel and Nomura, 1992;Talamini et al, 1992;Boyle and Zaridze, 1993;Giovannucci et al, 1993;Pienta and Esper, 1993;Gann et al, 1994;Le Marchand et al, 1994). The mechanisms of red meat intake as a risk factor for this cancer site are mostly unknown, although red meat's fat content may be a factor, possibly immediated by androgenic hormones (World Cancer Research Fund, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Foods, nutrients and prostate cancer: a case–control study in Uruguay

et al. 1999

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Prostate cancer is the second commonest malignancy among Uruguayan men, with an age-adjusted incidence rate of 32.6 per 100 000 (Parkin et al, 1997). According to a previous study (De Stefani et al, 1994), the mortality rate for prostate cancer has increased by 77% in the period between 1953 and 1991. Also, migrants from Spain and Italy have increased their risk of prostate cancer after arrival in Uruguay, suggesting the importance of environmental factors (De Stefani et al, 1990).In the only previous analytic study conducted in Uruguay (De Stefani et al, 1995), diet was assessed by food groups; both red meat and dairy foods were associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. Also, fruit intake was associated with a risk increase of 70% (De Stefani et al, 1995). Since these estimates were not energy-adjusted some uncertainty remains about its validity. Therefore, we have decided to carry out a new case-control study on dietary factors and prostate cancer, based on a more detailed food-frequency questionnaire. SUBJECTS AND METHODSSelection of cases. In the period 1994-1997, all incident-and histologically verified prostatic adenocarcinomas occurring in men in the age range 40-89 years, admitted to the four major hospitals in Montevideo, were considered eligible for this study. Of 190 cases identified, 15 patients refused interview, leaving 175 cases of prostate carcinomas (response rate 92.1%). The stage distribution was as follows: localized 25%, regional 72% and disseminated 3%. There were no cases with latent carcinomas, and, therefore, this series is representative of a series of mainly advanced prostate tumours. The stage distribution of our series was compared with the figures drawn from the National Cancer Registry. According to this source, 70% of prostate cancers were locally advanced (regional) or disseminated at the time of the diagnosis. These figures reflect the fact that there are no mass screening programmes for prostate cancer in Uruguay. Controls selectionIn the same period, all patients admitted to the same hospitals as the cases with conditions unrelated to diet were considered eligible as controls if below age 90. A total of 240 patients were hospitalmatched to the cases; from this initial number seven patients refused interview, leaving a total of 233 controls (response rate 97.1%). The distribution of controls by disease category was as follows: eye disorders (87 patients, 37.3%), abdominal hernia (56 patients, 24.0%), acute appendicitis (25 patients, 10.7%), fractures and trauma (23 patients, 9.9%), hydatid cyst (15 patients, 6.4%), skin diseases (14 patients, 6.1%) and varicose veins (13 patients, 5.6%). QuestionnaireBoth cases and controls were specifically called up to the hospital for a face-to-face interview after diagnosis or treatment. The mean time since admission for cases was 62 days, and for controls was 50 days. Both cases and controls completed a detailed questionnaire which covered sociodemographic variables, anthropometric variables, occupational exposures, family hist...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 64%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foods, nutrients and prostate cancer: a case–control study in Uruguay

et al. 1999

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“…39 The hypothesis that exposures during the gestational period could play an important role in the subsequent development of cancer has great interest because of the potential to implement preventive interventions that could start early in life. 40 The number of low birth weight neonates has been increasing steadily worldwide for more than 2 decades.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…31,46,47 Low birth weight (especially being small for gestational age) is associated with cryptorchidism, which is the best established risk factor of etiologic significance for testicular cancer. 39,48,49 Lower birth weight is also related to twinning and early delivery. Twinning and prematurity are associated with testicular cancer and malformation of the male genital tract 19,[50][51][52] and are risk factors for cryptorchidism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth weight and the risk of testicular cancer: A meta‐analysis

Michos

Xue

Michels

2007

Intl Journal of Cancer

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The high incidence of testicular cancer in young males indicates a potential role of events during early life. Birth weight has been identified as a factor possibly associated with the risk of cancers later in life. To investigate the association between birth weight and testicular cancer, we conducted a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of published studies investigating the association between birth weight and testicular cancer. Data were combined using a fixed-effects model. Thirteen epidemiologic studies, published between 1983 and 2004, were included in the analysis, encompassing 5,663 patients with testicular cancer. Men weighing less than 2,500 grams at birth had a higher risk for developing testicular cancer later in life than those with normal birth weight (2,500-4,000 g) (OR 5 1.18; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.38). A similar trend was found for men with a birth weight above 4,000 g, (OR 5 1.12; 95% CI 1.02-1.22). When seminoma and nonseminoma testicular cancer cases were considered separately, low birth weight was a risk factor specifically for seminomas (OR 5 1.44; 95% CI 1.11-1.88). A U-shaped association was observed between birth weight and the risk for testicular cancer. The underlying biological mechanisms for this phenomenon remain to be elucidated. ' 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: testicular cancer; birth weight; risk factors Testicular cancer is the most common cancer among young male adults, with a peak incidence among men aged 25-35 years and with a distinctive geographical and racial variation. The incidence varies 10-fold among countries, with the highest among white men in Northern Europe. 1 The incidence increased by 51% in the United States from 1973 to 1995, though it stabilized in the first half of the 1990s.2,3 An increase in incidence has been reported from other countries. 4,5 These data suggest that both genetic and environmental factors are important for the development of testicular tumors.Most testicular cancers are germ cell tumors (GCTs), with 50% being seminomas and the remaining 50% nonseminomas. 6 Nonseminomas often represent tumors of mixed histology and may include a variety of seminoma or nonseminoma histologic subtypes. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the WHO classify testicular GCTs into 3 types: the teratomas and yolk-sac tumors of newborns and infants; the seminomatous and nonseminomatous tumors of adolescents and young adults; and the spermatocytic seminomas of the elderly.7 Further classification beyond the 2 main histologic categories (seminomas and nonseminomas) appears to have limited relevance in etiologic or clinical settings. 8,9 Given the age incidence pattern of testicular cancer, which peaks in the third decade of life, etiologic research has focused on prenatal, perinatal and early-life exposures. A number of different factors have been identified that predispose men to testicular cancer. Cryptorchidism is the only established risk factor of etiologic significance, but it accounts for fewer than 10% of all cases. 10...

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“…1996; Boyle and Zaridze, 1993;Giles and Ireland, 1997). Increased fat intake might lead to increased testosterone levels and this might, eventually, lead to increased cell division and activation of proto-oncogenes and deactivation of tumour suppressor genes (Ross and Henderson, 1994).…”

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confidence: 99%

Animal products, calcium and protein and prostate cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study

et al. 1999

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Prostate cancer risk in relation to consumption of animal products, and intake of calcium and protein was investigated in the Netherlands Cohort Study. At baseline in 1986, 58 279 men aged 55–69 years completed a self-administered 150-item food frequency questionnaire and a questionnaire on other risk factors for cancer. After 6.3 years of follow-up, 642 prostate cancer cases were available for analysis. In multivariate case-cohort analyses adjusted for age, family history of prostate cancer and socioeconomic status, no associations were found for consumption of fresh meat, fish, cheese and eggs. Positive trends in risk were found for consumption of cured meat and milk products ( P -values 0.04 and 0.02 respectively). For calcium and protein intake, no associations were observed. The hypothesis that dietary factors might be more strongly related to advanced prostate tumours could not be confirmed in our study. We conclude that, in this study, animal products are not strongly related to prostate cancer risk. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaign

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Risk factors for prostate and testicular cancer

Cited by 44 publications

References 66 publications

Foods, nutrients and prostate cancer: a case–control study in Uruguay

Foods, nutrients and prostate cancer: a case–control study in Uruguay

Birth weight and the risk of testicular cancer: A meta‐analysis

Animal products, calcium and protein and prostate cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study

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