Risk Factors for Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis among Immunocompetent Persons in the United States from 1999 to 2001

Roy, Sharon L.; DeLong, Stephanie M.; Stenzel, Sara A.; Shiferaw, Beletshachew; Roberts, Jacquelin M.; Khalakdina, Asheena; Marcus, Ruthanne; Segler, Suzanne; Shah, Dipti; Thomas, Stéphanie; Vugia, Duc J.; Zansky, Shelley; Dietz, Vance; Beach, Michael J.

doi:10.1128/jcm.42.7.2944-2951.2004

Cited by 149 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…For cases reported to a physician, routine testing is not likely to identify isolates to the species or genotype level. Many public health laboratories in the United States still use detection methods that are only genus specific (29). The natural reservoir for unusual species and genotypes may also be important in explaining their relatively low frequencies in humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence Supporting Zoonotic Transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wisconsin

et al. 2006

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Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum are the primary species of Cryptosporidium that infect humans. C. hominis has an anthroponotic transmission cycle, while C. parvum is zoonotic, infecting cattle and other ruminants, in addition to humans. Most cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in the United States have been caused by C. hominis, and this species is often reported as the primary cause of cryptosporidiosis in this country. However, outbreaks account for only 10% of the overall cryptosporidiosis cases, and there are few data on the species that cause sporadic cases. The present study identified the species/genotypes and subgenotypes of Cryptosporidium in 49 cases of sporadic cryptosporidiosis in Wisconsin during the period from 2003 to 2005. The species/genotype of isolates was determined by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 18S rRNA and Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein genes. The C. parvum and C. hominis isolates were subgenotyped by sequence analysis of the GP60 gene. Forty-four of 49 isolates were identified as C. parvum, and 1 was identified as C. hominis. Of the remaining isolates, one was identified as being of the cervine genotype, one was identified as being a cervine genotype variant, and two were identified as being of a novel human genotype, previously reported as W17. Nine different subgenotypes were identified within the C. parvum species, and two of these were responsible for 60% of the cases. In this study we found that most sporadic cases of cryptosporidiosis in Wisconsin are caused by zoonotic Cryptosporidium species, indicating that zoonotic transmission could be more frequently associated with sporadic cases in the United States.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence Supporting Zoonotic Transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wisconsin

et al. 2006

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“…Livestock however, particularly cattle and sheep, are important reservoirs for C. parvum. In case-control studies, contact with cattle was implicated as a risk factor for human cryptosporidiosis in the USA, UK, Ireland and Australia (Robertson et al 2002;Goh et al 2004;Hunter et al 2004;Roy et al 2004).…”

Section: R Y P T O S P O R I D I U M S P E C I E S I N a N I M A L Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiumspecies in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs

2014

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S U M M A R YCryptosporidium is increasingly recognized as one of the major causes of moderate to severe diarrhoea in developing countries. With treatment options limited, control relies on knowledge of the biology and transmission of the members of the genus responsible for disease. Currently, 26 species are recognized as valid on the basis of morphological, biological and molecular data. Of the nearly 20 Cryptosporidium species and genotypes that have been reported in humans, Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum are responsible for the majority of infections. Livestock, particularly cattle, are one of the most important reservoirs of zoonotic infections. Domesticated and wild animals can each be infected with several Cryptosporidium species or genotypes that have only a narrow host range and therefore have no major public health significance. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing techniques will significantly improve our understanding of the taxonomy and transmission of Cryptosporidium species, and the investigation of outbreaks and monitoring of emerging and virulent subtypes. Important research gaps remain including a lack of subtyping tools for many Cryptosporidium species of public and veterinary health importance, and poor understanding of the genetic determinants of host specificity of Cryptosporidium species and impact of climate change on the transmission of Cryptosporidium.

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“…Contamination of food or water by cattle manure has been identified as a cause of several foodborne and waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis (Glaberman et al 2002;Blackburn et al 2006). In case-control studies, contact with cattle was implicated as a risk factor for human cryptosporidiosis in the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia (Robertson et al 2002;Goh et al 2004;Hunter et al 2004;Roy et al 2004). The environmental loading rate of Cryptosporidium in cattle has been estimated at between 3900 and 1·7 × 10 5 oocysts cow − 1 day − 1 (Hoar et al 2000;Atwill et al 2003).…”

Section: Cattlementioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidiumspecies in Australian wildlife and domestic animals

Ryan

Power

2012

Parasitology

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SUMMARYCryptosporidiumis an important enteric parasite that is transmitted via the fecal-oral route, water and food. Humans, wildlife and domestic livestock all potentially contributeCryptosporidiumto surface waters. Most species ofCryptosporidiumare morphologically indistinguishable and can only be identified using molecular tools. Over 24 species have been identified and of these, 7Cryptosporidiumspecies/genotypes are responsible for most human cryptosporidiosis cases. In Australia, relatively few genotyping studies have been conducted. SixCryptosporidiumspecies (C. hominis,C. parvum,C. meleagridis,C. fayeri,C. andersoniandC. bovis)have been identified in humans in Australia. However, little is known about the contribution of animal hosts to human pathogenic strains ofCryptosporidiumin drinking water catchments. In this review, we focus on the available genotyping data for native, feral and domestic animals inhabiting drinking water catchments in Australia to provide an improved understanding of the public health implications and to identify key research gaps.

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Risk Factors for Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis among Immunocompetent Persons in the United States from 1999 to 2001

Cited by 149 publications

References 23 publications

Evidence Supporting Zoonotic Transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wisconsin

Evidence Supporting Zoonotic Transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wisconsin

Cryptosporidiumspecies in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs

Cryptosporidiumspecies in Australian wildlife and domestic animals

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