Risk Factors for Sporadic Infection with Salmonella Enteritidis, Denmark, 1997-1999

Mølbak, Kåre; Neimann, J.

doi:10.1093/aje/kwf096

Cited by 79 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This applies to chicken meat as direct source of infection as well as infections from secondary contamination [8]. The main focus of preventive measures should be directed at reducing the danger of infection caused by consuming eggs [9][10][11][12]. The PT 36 outbreak described in this paper further corroborates this conclusion.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Salmonella-Enteritidis-Phagentyp-36-Ausbruch in Österreich 2004

Much

Berghold

Krassnig

et al. 2005

Wien Klin Wochenschr

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In June 2004, an egg packing station was epidemiologically incriminated as possibly distributing the vehicle of the Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Typhimurium definitive type (DT) U291 outbreak which began in September 2003 and--as of June 2004 affected more than 100 persons all over Austria and 8 German tourists. A total of 68 egg producing farms were screened for salmonella. Whereas all samples tested negative for S. Typhimurium DT U291, one batch of laying hens was identified as being heavily contaminated with a rare Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Enteritidis phage type, namely PT 36. This phage type was cultured from 6 of 7 swabs from pooled fecal samples (drag swabs), from 1 of 4 samples of pooled yolks, and from 7 of 11 hens tested (ovaries, liver and intestinal content pooled per hen). In 2004, a total of 36 culture-confirmed human PT 36 infections (19 manifest cases, 12 asymptomatic carriers, and 5 excreters with unknown clinical status) were documented in 4 of the 9 Austrian provinces. It was possible to demonstrate that eggs from this single farm were the probable source of infection for 30 of 31 culture-confirmed human infections. Only in the case of one patient, who regularly purchased eggs at the local market, could no connection to the farm be proven due to inability to trace the market's egg source. The PT 36 outbreak ceased after elimination of the contaminated flock. This episode underlines the considerable potential of adequate epidemiological and microbiological investigations of food-borne outbreaks to improve prevention and control of communicable diseases. The source of the S. Typhimurium DT U291 outbreak--which initially prompted this investigation--is still not identified and accounts for more than 300 human cases until August 2005.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Salmonella-Enteritidis-Phagentyp-36-Ausbruch in Österreich 2004

Much

Berghold

Krassnig

et al. 2005

Wien Klin Wochenschr

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“…Some of these studies calculate only measures of association, e.g., Salmonella Enteritidis infections in Denmark (Mølbak and Neimann, 2002) and Campylobacter infections in Denmark (Wingstrand et al, 2006), while others estimate the PAF, e.g., Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 infections in the United States (Voetsch et al, 2007). Case-control studies, when combined with data on the human health burden of the disease under study, can also be utilized to attribute that burden to specific sources.…”

Section: Epidemiological Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attributing the Human Disease Burden of Foodborne Infections to Specific Sources

Pires

Evers

Pelt

et al. 2009

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease

225

217

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Foodborne diseases are an important cause of human illness worldwide. Humans acquire these infections from a variety of sources and routes of transmission. Many efforts have been made in the last decades to prevent and control foodborne diseases, particularly foodborne zoonoses. However, information on the impact of these interventions is limited. To identify and prioritize successful food safety interventions, it is important to attribute the burden of human illness to the specific sources. Defining scientific concepts and harmonizing terminology for ''source attribution'' is essential for understanding and improving attribution methodologies and for sharing knowledge within the scientific community. We propose harmonized nomenclature, and describe the various approaches for human illness source attribution and their usefulness to address specific public health questions.

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“…Additionally, PT14b represents a phage type that recently emerged in southern European countries in 2001 (10). The epidemiology of S. Enteritidis cases associated with international travel revealed distinct relationships between phage types and travel destinations (6,11,12). However, epidemiological comparisons based on phage types alone may not be enough when investigating outbreaks of endemic strains.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Diversity and Evolution of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Strains with Different Phage Types

et al. 2014

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c Phage typing has been used for the epidemiological surveillance of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis for over 2 decades. However, knowledge of the genetic and evolutionary relationships between phage types is very limited, making differences difficult to interpret. Here, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified from whole-genome comparisons were used to determine the relationships between some S. Enteritidis phage types (PTs) commonly associated with food-borne outbreaks in the United States. Emphasis was placed on the predominant phage types PT8, PT13a, and PT13 in North America. With >89,400 bp surveyed across 98 S. Enteritidis isolates representing 14 distinct phage types, 55 informative SNPs were discovered within 23 chromosomally anchored loci. To maximize the discriminatory and evolutionary partitioning of these highly homogeneous strains, sequences comprising informative SNPs were concatenated into a single combined data matrix and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The resultant phylogeny allocated most S. Enteritidis isolates into two distinct clades (clades I and II) and four subclades. Synapomorphic (shared and derived) sets of SNPs capable of distinguishing individual clades/subclades were identified. However, individual phage types appeared to be evolutionarily disjunct when mapped to this phylogeny, suggesting that phage typing may not be valid for making phylogenetic inferences. Furthermore, the set of SNPs identified here represents useful genetic markers for strain differentiation of more clonal S. Enteritidis strains and provides core genotypic markers for future development of a SNP typing scheme with S. Enteritidis.

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Risk Factors for Sporadic Infection with Salmonella Enteritidis, Denmark, 1997-1999

Cited by 79 publications

References 21 publications

Salmonella-Enteritidis-Phagentyp-36-Ausbruch in Österreich 2004

Salmonella-Enteritidis-Phagentyp-36-Ausbruch in Österreich 2004

Attributing the Human Disease Burden of Foodborne Infections to Specific Sources

Genetic Diversity and Evolution of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Strains with Different Phage Types

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