Risk Factors for the Rising Rates of Primary Liver Cancer in the United States

El–Serag, Hashem B.; Mason, Andrew C.

doi:10.1001/archinte.160.21.3227

Cited by 382 publications

(222 citation statements)

References 18 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

212

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…However, low tissue Fe isn't expected at tissues surrounding a tumor, as literature suggests that excessive Fe is associated with adverse effects resulted from oxidative stress induced (Reddy and Clark, 2004). As shown in hemochromatosis patients with excessive Fe load; it has an apparent correlation with hepatocellular carcinoma (El-Serag and Mason, 2000). Several epidemiological and clinical trials showed that low Fe levels could decrease cancer incidence including prostate cancer (Knekt et al, 1994;Mainous et al, 2005;Zacharski et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Levels of Trace Elements in Patients with Prostate Cancer

Kaba¹,

Pirinççi²,

Yüksel³

et al. 2014

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Trace elements are major components of biological structures; however, excessive levels of these elements can be toxic. Materials and Methods: In the present study, serum levels of trace elements were measured in 30 patients with newly diagnosed as prostate cancer and 32 healthy volunteer by using furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results: It was found that there was an increase in serum levels of Co, Cu, Mg and Pb (p<0.05), whereas a decrease in serum levels of Fe, Mn, and Zn levels in patients with prostate cancer (p<0.05). Conclusions: These changes may be important in the pathogenesis of prostate cancers; however, further prospective studies are needed to identify relationships between prostate cancer and trace elements.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Levels of Trace Elements in Patients with Prostate Cancer

Kaba¹,

Pirinççi²,

Yüksel³

et al. 2014

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The age-adjusted incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer have been increasing rapidly in the United States since the mid-1980s (Ries et al, 2006). While approximately half of this increase can be attributable to hepatitis C virus infection, a minimal or no increase has been related to hepatitis B virus and alcoholic liver disease (El-Serag and Mason, 2000;Hassan et al, 2002). Given that about half of the increase in liver cancer incidence is not related to hepatitis, the major risk factor in a significant proportion of the cases has yet to be identified.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Overweight, obesity and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies

2007

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cohort studies of excess body weight and risk of liver cancer were identified for a meta-analysis by searching MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from 1966 to June 2007 and the reference lists of retrieved articles. Results from individual studies were combined using a random-effects model. We identified 11 cohort studies, of which seven on overweight (with a total of 5037 cases) and 10 on obesity (with 6042 cases) were suitable for meta-analysis. Compared with persons of normal weight, the summary relative risks of liver cancer were 1.17 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02 -1.34) for those who were overweight and 1.89 (95% CI: 1.51 -2.36) for those who were obese. This meta-analysis finds that excess body weight is associated with an increased risk of liver cancer. Although relatively rare in the United States and other developed countries, liver cancer is the third most common cause of death from cancer worldwide (Parkin et al, 2005). It is rarely detected early and is often fatal within a few months of diagnosis. The 5-year survival rate is only about 6 -11% (Coleman et al, 2003;Ries et al, 2006). The age-adjusted incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer have been increasing rapidly in the United States since the mid-1980s (Ries et al, 2006). While approximately half of this increase can be attributable to hepatitis C virus infection, a minimal or no increase has been related to hepatitis B virus and alcoholic liver disease (El-Serag and Mason, 2000;Hassan et al, 2002). Given that about half of the increase in liver cancer incidence is not related to hepatitis, the major risk factor in a significant proportion of the cases has yet to be identified.Coinciding with the rising incidence of liver cancer, the prevalence of obesity has been increasing markedly over the past two decades worldwide (Larsson and Wolk, 2006). Obesity has been recognised as a risk factor for several malignancies, including cancer of the breast (in premenopausal women), endometrium, kidney (renal cell), colon, pancreas, gallbladder, and esophagus (adenocarcinoma) (IARC, 2002;. Accumulating epidemiologic evidence also indicates that excess body weight may be a risk factor for liver cancer, but the evidence has not been quantitatively summarised. We have therefore quantitatively assessed the associations of overweight and obesity with liver cancer risk in a meta-analysis of cohort studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study selectionA literature search was conducted in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for pertinent studies published in any language from 1966 to June 2007. We used the keywords 'body mass index', 'BMI', or 'obesity' in combination with 'hepatocellular carcinoma', 'liver cancer', or 'liver neoplasm'. Moreover, we manually reviewed the reference lists of retrieved articles to search for more studies.Studies were included in the meta-analysis if they fulfilled the following criteria: (1) cohort study in which liver cancer incidence or mortality was an outcome; (2) the exposure of interest was overweight and/or obesity defined by body ma...

show abstract

“…Coexistence of etiologies, such as HBV and HCV coinfection, HBV and aflatoxin B1, 3 or HCV and alcohol, increases the relative risk of developing HCC. 8 The molecular factors and interactions involved in hepatocarcinogenesis are still poorly understood. This is particularly true with respect to genomic mutations, as it has been difficult to identify common genetic changes in more than 20% to 30% of tumors.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%