Risk factors for vulvar lichen sclerosus

Sideri, Mario; Parazzini, Fabio; Rognoni, Maria Teresa; Vecchia, Carlo La; Negri, Eva; Garsia, S; E, Arnoletti; Cecchetti, G.

doi:10.1016/0002-9378(89)90228-7

Cited by 27 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The risk of LS was greater in parous women than nulliparous women, which may indicate that tissue damage during delivery may be a trigger (Sider ; Higgins ).…”

Section: Traumamentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Parous women compared to nulliparous women (Sideri ; Tang ) ■Finding not significant when only married women were considered (Sideri ) OCPs with anti‐androgenic properties (Günthert ) Family history of diabetes mellitus (Higgins ) Diabetes mellitus (men) (Hofer ) High body mass index (men) (Hofer ) Coronary artery disease (men) (Hofer ) more men with LS and strictures smoked compared to men with strictures without LS (Hofer ) Pelvic surgery (Hofer ) Spicy food (Hofer ) Vulvitis and urethritis (Tang ) ■Vulval infections not confirmed (Higgins ) Atopic dermatitis in boys (Th2 response) (Becker ) Fitzpatrick phototype 1 and 2 in boys (Villa ) Manoeuvres of ‘mechanical retraction of the foreskin’ (MRF) performed at least 5–10 times per month (Villa ) …”

Section: Risk Factors/triggermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evidence‐based (S3) Guideline on (anogenital) Lichen sclerosus

Kirtschig

Becker²,

Günthert

et al. 2015

Acad Dermatol Venereol

264

155

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Lichen sclerosus (LS) is an inflammatory skin disease that usually involves the anogenital area. All patients with symptoms or signs suspicious of lichen sclerosus should be seen at least once initially by a physician with a special interest in the disease in order to avoid delay in diagnosis, as early treatment may cure the disease in some and reduce or prevent scarring. The diagnosis is made clinically in most cases. Biopsies should only be performed under certain circumstances. The gold standard for treatment remains potent to very potent topical steroids; however, mild and moderate disease in boys and men may be cured by circumcision. Certain triggers should be avoided.

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“…The risk of LS was greater in parous women than nulliparous women, which may indicate that tissue damage during delivery may be a trigger (Sider ; Higgins ).…”

Section: Traumamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Risk Factors/triggermentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence‐based (S3) Guideline on (anogenital) Lichen sclerosus

Kirtschig

Becker²,

Günthert

et al. 2015

Acad Dermatol Venereol

264

155

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“…There have been two reports of an HLA association with A29/B44 (Purcell et al 1990) and DQ8,9 (Marren et al 1993) but not with the A1, B8, DR3 haplotype, which is associated with many autoimmune diseases (Schwartz 1992). Risk factors have been studied by comparing patients with control populations; no differences have appeared in any of the variables that have been tested (Sideri et al 1989). Evidence for immune involvement comes from skin biopsies that show persistent activation of ePidermalantigen-presenting cells and lymphoid cells (Carli et al 1991), and deposition of immunoglobulin and complement (C3) along the epidermal basement membrane (Dickie et al 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism association with lichen sclerosus

et al. 1994

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Cytokines play key roles in immune responses, inflammation and fibrosis. The balance between levels of cytokines, their receptors and specific inhibitors controls inflammatory reactions in tissues. The pathogenesis of lichen sclerosus is unknown but probably involves cytokine mediators such as interleukin 1 (IL-1) and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). The IL-1ra is a competitive inhibitor of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta, and therefore is a powerful endogenous anti-inflammatory molecule. The gene encoding IL-1ra (designated IL-1RN) has a variable number tandem repeat polymorphism in intron 2. There are five alleles of the gene corresponding to 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 repeats of an 86-bp sequence. We have determined allele frequencies in a control population and a group of 78 patients with lichen sclerosus. The frequency of one of the alleles is related to increasing disease severity. Thus, IL-1RN may be a candidate gene or severity factor for lichen sclerosus or may possibly be a linked marker to another, as yet undefined, gene.

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“…1,2 The aetiology of LS is still unknown. 12 Most of these investigations have been performed in women while studies in men are rarely described. 9 Several studies showed increased incidence of autoimmune disease and antibodies in women with LS and, to a lesser extent, in men.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%