Risk Factors in Alzheimer’s Disease

Barclay, Laurie; Kheyfets, S; Zemcov, Alexander; Blass, John P.; McDowell, Fletcher

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2179-8_18

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…These findings do not support the hypothesis that depression in Alzheimer's disease is solely caused by a genetic or familial predisposition to depression. These findings also confirm an earlier report that showed no difference in the frequency of occurrence of depression between relatives of Alzheimer patients and relatives of controls (Barclay et al, 1986). The findings that first-degree relatives of Alzheimer patients have a lower incidence of alcoholism than control relatives is difficult to interpret; however, since alcoholic relatives usually have a higher prevalence of affective disorder than control relatives (Winokur et al, 1970), the lower incidence of alcoholism in Alzheimer relatives suggests that the depression seen in Alzheimer patients is not necessarily caused by a familial predisposition to depression.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Family history of depression and alcoholism in Alzheimer patients and age‐matched controls

Lawlor

Sunderland

Mellow

et al. 1989

Int J Geriat Psychiatry

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SUMMARYDepression and depressive symptoms are reported to occur frequently in patients with Alzheimer's disease; however, familial and psychobiological contributions associated with depression in Alzheimer patients are poorly understood.In this study, we compared family history of depression and alcoholism in 44 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease and 38 aged-matched cognitively intact controls. Results from comparison showed no overall difference between the occurrence of depression in first-degree relatives of Alzheimer patients compared to firstdegree relatives of controls. There was, however, significantly lower incidence of alcoholism in relatives of Alzheimer patients, particularly male relatives w0.05). This finding suggests that family history and depression alone may not fully explain the high rate of depression in Alzheimer patients and that other factors including neurochemical changes in the brains of Alzheimer patients should be considered.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Family history of depression and alcoholism in Alzheimer patients and age‐matched controls

Lawlor

Sunderland

Mellow

et al. 1989

Int J Geriat Psychiatry

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“…For instance, French et al (1985) found an increased incidence of depression in SDAT patients as compared to hospital and normal controls. A similar relationship was reported by Barclay, Kheyfets, Zemcov, Blass, and McDowell (1986).…”

Section: Depressionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Distinguishing between depression and dementia in the elderly: A review of neuropsychological findings

Lamberty

1993

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology

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Distinguishing between cognitive deficits seen in depression and progressive dementing, diseases is complex and often difficult clinically. We review recent neuropsychological studies comparing normal elderly individuals, depressed patients, and patients with progressive dementias. Findings from these studies suggest that the distinction between depression and dementia is fairly straightforward and facilitated by neuropsychological evaluation. Data from neuroimaging studies of depressed elderly are reviewed and integrated with the neuropsychological findings. A descriptive scheme for categorizing elderly patients is proposed. It is suggested that the label "pseudodementia" be discarded in favor of more thorough description of cognitive deficits associated with various clinical presentations.

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“…The role of psychiatric factors as antecedents to AD was discussed by Henderson [76] who reported negative results from various studies [74,109,173]. Nevertheless, Heyman et al [80] reported that a previous psychiatric morbidity was associated with AD while French et al [50] and Barclay et al [21] both suggested an association with depression. Subsequently, Bannerjee et al [20] investigated whether such associations were due to depression either being a risk factor or a co-morbidity of AD.…”

Section: Psychiatric Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease

Armstrong¹

2019

403

238

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Early reviews identified over 20 risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) including age, familial inheritance, exposure to aluminium, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and associated co-morbidities such as vascular disease and infection. In the light of recent evidence, this review reconsiders these risk factors, identifies those currently regarded as important, and discusses various hypotheses to explain how they may cause AD. Rare forms of early-onset familial AD (EO-FAD) are strongly linked to causal gene mutations, viz. mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin (PSEN1/2) genes. By contrast, late-onset sporadic AD (LO-SAD) is a multifactorial disorder in which age-related changes, genetic risk factors, such as allelic variation in apolipoprotein E (Apo E) and many other genes, vascular disease, TBI and risk factors associated with diet, the immune system, mitochondrial function, metal exposure, and infection are all implicated. These risk factors may act collectively to cause AD pathology: 1) by promoting the liberation of oxygen free radicals with age, 2) via environmental stress acting on regulatory genes early and later in life ('dual hit' hypothesis), or 3) by increasing the cumulative 'allostatic load' on the body over a lifetime. As a consequence, lifestyle changes which reduce the impact of these factors may be necessary to lower the risk of AD.

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Risk Factors in Alzheimer’s Disease

Cited by 11 publications

References 11 publications

Family history of depression and alcoholism in Alzheimer patients and age‐matched controls

Family history of depression and alcoholism in Alzheimer patients and age‐matched controls

Distinguishing between depression and dementia in the elderly: A review of neuropsychological findings

Risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease

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