Risk factors in patients with herpes zoster infections: case-control study

Pezer, Maja; Vidić, Vjeran; Nikolić, Jadranka; Curić, Ivo; Arapović, Jurica

doi:10.2478/s11536-013-0155-8

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…A decreased relative risk of zoster among smokers (particularly current smokers) have been reported in several studies ( 7 – 12 ), whereas no association was found in others ( 13 – 18 ). In a single, small case–control study, researchers reported an association with alcohol consumption (odds ratio = 3.8) ( 16 ); otherwise, no substantial associations with zoster have been observed for alcohol consumption ( 7 , 8 , 14 , 16 , 17 ), body mass index (BMI) ( 7 , 8 , 14 , 17 , 19 ), or physical activity ( 8 ). Interpretation of existing evidence is hampered by crude categorization of exposures; particularly, there is a lack of dose–response analyses.…”

Section: Abbreviationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of Lifestyle and Anthropometric Factors With the Risk of Herpes Zoster: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

Schmidt

Sørensen

Langan

et al. 2021

American Journal of Epidemiology

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The role of lifestyle in development of herpes zoster remains unclear. We examined whether smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI), or physical activity were associated with zoster risk. We followed a population-based cohort of 101,894 respondents to the 2010 Danish National Health Survey (baseline May 1, 2010) until zoster diagnosis, death, emigration, or July 1, 2014, whichever occurred first. We computed hazard ratios for zoster associated with each exposure, using Cox regression with age as the time-scale and adjusting for potential confounders. Compared with never smokers, hazards for zoster were increased in former smokers [1.17; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.30], but not in current smokers (1.00; 95% CI: 0.89, 1.13). Compared with low-risk alcohol consumption, neither intermediate-risk (0.95; 95% CI: 0.84, 1.07) nor high-risk alcohol consumption (0.99; 95% CI: 0.85, 1.15) were associated with zoster. We also found no increased hazard associated with weekly binge drinking vs. not (0.93; 95% CI: 0.77, 1.11). Risk of zoster varied little by BMI (referent=normal weight) and physical activity levels (referent=light level), with HRs between 0.96 and 1.08. We observed no dose-response association between the exposures and zoster. The examined lifestyle and anthropometric factors thus were not risk factors for zoster.

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Section: Abbreviationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of Lifestyle and Anthropometric Factors With the Risk of Herpes Zoster: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

Schmidt

Sørensen

Langan

et al. 2021

American Journal of Epidemiology

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“…It is believed that reactivation is the result of reduced cellular immunity specific to VZV, and periodic exposure to people with varicella or herpes zoster will enhance cell-specific immunity against VZV characterized by periodic subclinical reactivation. Many studies have shown no pattern of herpes zoster season, while other studies suggest a higher incidence in summer in the middle of the year, as a consequence of increased exposure to ultraviolet light [5,6]. The results of Wu et al study found an increase in HZ incidence very strongly associated with UV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The results of Wu et al study found an increase in HZ incidence very strongly associated with UV. Recent research has reported an increase in the incidence of HZ in summer in countries with several different seasons of the year, this pattern is associated with UV peak summer exposure and possibly a HZ trigger [5][6][7]10,11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In children aged less than 10 years of 0.25-1.15 per 1000 and 0.43-1.60 per 1000 HZ in adolescents. Impaired immunity such as a history of primary intrauterine infection, immunocompromised, and infected first-year varicella of childhood is a risk factor for HZ in children [2][3][4][5][6]. The virus replicates in the sensory dorsal nerve ganglion and when a person's cellular immunity decreases, the activated VZV travels through the sensory nerve to the skin [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Case Series of Herpes Zoster in Children; Ultraviolet as a Trigger?

Arifin¹,

sari²,

Suswardana³

2018

J Med - Clin Res & Rev

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Background: The condition of immunosuppression is a known condition that triggers reactivation of varicella zoster virus, to its manifestation as herpes zoster. Excessive exposure to ultraviolet is shown to decrease the immune system, even the effects can be systemic. Children often experience excessive UV exposure during play. Is excessive UV exposure a precursor to HZ in children? Case Report: We observed five cases of HZ in children aged 3-14 years; three of them are HZ ophthalmic, one HZ thoracic and one HZ brachialis. All had never received vaccine immunization and no history of intrauterine infection. Only one of them has suffered from varicella. There was no pathologic immunosuppression (HIV infection, organ transplant, immunosuppressant therapy, systemic disease) in these five children, but all children experienced intense UV exposure 3-5 days before the cutaneous lesions appeared. After treatment according to the HZ protocol, all recover without complications. Discussion: Various experimental models prove that UV exposure can suppress the immune system in some conditions: after vaccination, infection and provocation of allergic contact dermatitis in skin exposed directly or indirectly. This condition is in accordance with the state of immunosuppression that can trigger the reactivation of VVZ to HZ. The incidence of HZ is also reported to increase in the summer. All the patients we observed had intense UV exposure a few days before the emergence of HZ cutaneous lesions. Although only one patient clearly showed a history of varicella, subclinical VVZ infection may explain the reactivation of VVZ in all four cases. Based on the various evidence mentioned above, we conclude that intense UV exposure is very likely the main precipitating factor of HZ reactivation in children.

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“…There was no difference in the risk of head and neck, musculoskeletal, and viral infections in patients with diabetes and patients without, although a few studies have found an increased risk of these types of infections [4, 10, 37–40]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diabetes and the occurrence of infection in primary care: a matched cohort study

et al. 2018

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BackgroundPeople with diabetes may be at higher risk for acquiring infections through both glucose-dependent and biologic pathways independent of glycemic control. Our aim was to estimate the association between diabetes and infections occurring in primary care.MethodsUsing the Newfoundland and Labrador Sentinel of the Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network, patients with diabetes ≥18 years between 1 January 2008 and 31 March 2013 were included with at least 1-year of follow-up. We randomly matched each patient with diabetes on the date of study entry with up to 8 controls without diabetes. Primary outcome was the occurrence of ≥1 primary care physician visits for any infectious disease. Secondary outcomes included primary visits for head & neck, respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, skin and soft tissue, musculoskeletal, and viral infections. Using multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis, we measured the independent association between diabetes and the occurrence of infections.ResultsWe identified 1779 patients with diabetes who were matched to 11,066 patients without diabetes. Patients with diabetes were older, had a higher prevalence of comorbidities, and were more often referred to specialists. After adjusting for potential confounders, patients with diabetes had an increased risk of any infection compared to patients without diabetes (adjusted odds ratio = 1.21, 95% confidence interval 1.07–1.37). Skin and soft tissue infections had the strongest association, followed by genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and respiratory infections. Diabetes was not associated with head and neck, musculoskeletal, or viral infections.ConclusionPatients with diabetes appear to have an increased risk of certain infections compared to patients without diabetes.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-2975-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Risk factors in patients with herpes zoster infections: case-control study

Cited by 5 publications

References 23 publications

Associations of Lifestyle and Anthropometric Factors With the Risk of Herpes Zoster: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

Associations of Lifestyle and Anthropometric Factors With the Risk of Herpes Zoster: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

Case Series of Herpes Zoster in Children; Ultraviolet as a Trigger?

Diabetes and the occurrence of infection in primary care: a matched cohort study

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