Risk factors in the occurrence of molar–incisor hypomineralization amongst a group of Iraqi children

Abstract

BACKGROUND. Despite the worldwide increasing interest in the prevalence studies of molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH), there is still insufficient evidence to verify the aetiological factors of this condition. AIMS. To investigate risk factors involved in the development of MIH in a group of school-aged Iraqi children. DESIGN. Seven- to nine-year-old school children (823 of 1000 eligible, response rate of 82.3%) had their first permanent molars and incisors evaluated using the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry evaluation criteria for MIH. Mothers completed a medical history questionnaire-based interview performed in the schools by a trained examiner. RESULTS. For children with MIH, 6% reported no relevant medical history; the remaining 94% reported various medical conditions putatively associated with MIH compared with 70% for the non-affected group. Post-natal medical conditions (33.3%) were most frequently reported. When data were split into the possible risk effect groups, maternal psychological stress (OR, 3.24), frequent exposure to ultrasonic scans during the last gestational trimester (OR, 2.51) and birth order as a fourth sibling or later (OR, 3.17 and 5.73, respectively) were previously unreported significant risk factors and postulated as contributing to, or causing the defect. CONCLUSIONS. Children with MIH had experienced a greater number of medical conditions than their unaffected peers with no single health event identified as a risk factor.

Pre- and Postnatal Determinants of Deciduous Molar Hypomineralisation in 6-Year-Old Children. The Generation R Study

“…All proposed determinants in this study were based on potential determinants of MIH. Although pre- and perinatal factors do not seem to have much influence on MIH [11], [18], they do seem to play an important role in DMH [9]. On the other hand, factors associated to DMH might be indicative for future development of MIH.…”

The Osteological Paradox 20 Years Later: Past Perspectives, Future Directions

“…Research among living people indicates that children with enamel hypoplasia are of significantly shorter stature than those without them (Lukacs et al 2001). Other risk factors for enamel defects include low prenatal vitamin D (Schroth et al 2014), infections or high fever during childhood (Ford et al 2009;Ghanim et al 2013;Souza et al 2012), celiac disease (Munoz et al 2012), and immunodeficiency diseases (Meighani et al 2011). The established associations between enamel hypoplasia and poor health and the fact that enamel does not remodel after formation makes these lesions particularly useful for paleopathological analyses, some of which have begun to explore the developmental origins of poor adult health (see above).…”

Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in Children: A Review of Literature

“…Children with poor general health and systemic conditions are more likely to have MIH [48,49]. The systemic conditions implicated to date include nutritional deficiencies, brain injury and neurologic defects, cystic fibro¬sis, syndromes of epilepsy and dementia (Kohlschutter-Tonz syndrome), nephrotic syndrome, atopia, lead poisoning, repaired cleft lip and palate, radiation treatment, rubella embryopathy, epidermolysis bul¬losa, ophthalmic conditions, celiac disease, and gastrointestinal disorders [49].…”