Risk Factors of Cystic Ovarian Disease in Dairy Cattle.

Zulu, Victor Chisha; Penny, Colin

doi:10.1262/jrd.44.191

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Corroborating the results from the present study, others have shown an association between parity and the presence of cystic structures (Erb and Martin, 1980;Zulu and Penny, 1998;Roche, 2006), embryonic death (Santos et al, 2009) as well as a deterioration in uterine health (Dubuc et al, 2010). The increased incidence of cystic structures in older parity cows could be potentially related to their greater milk production and its known effect on the presence of cystic structures (Zulu and Penny, 1998).…”

Section: Paritysupporting

confidence: 81%

“…The increased incidence of cystic structures in older parity cows could be potentially related to their greater milk production and its known effect on the presence of cystic structures (Zulu and Penny, 1998). Greater milk production in older parity cows and the associated greater negative energy balance (Berry et al, 2006) may also be a contributing factor to increase prevalence of embryo/foetal death in these animals.…”

Section: Paritymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk factors associated with detailed reproductive phenotypes in dairy and beef cows

Carthy

Berry

Fitzgerald

et al. 2014

Animal

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The objective of this study was to identify detailed fertility traits in dairy and beef cattle from transrectal ultrasonography records and quantify the associated risk factors. Data were available on 148 947 ultrasound observations of the reproductive tract from 75 949 cows in 843 Irish dairy and beef herds between March 2008 and October 2012. Traits generated included (1) cycling at time of examination, (2) cystic structures, (3) early ovulation, (4) embryo death and (5) uterine score; the latter was measured on a scale of 1 (good) to 4 (poor) characterising the tone of the uterine wall and fluid present in the uterus. After editing, 72 773 records from 44 415 dairy and beef cows in 643 herds remained. Factors associated with the logit of the probability of a positive outcome for each of the binary fertility traits were determined using generalised estimating equations; linear mixed model analysis was used for the analysis of uterine score. The prevalence of cycling, cystic structures, early ovulation and embryo death was 84.75%, 3.87%, 7.47% and 3.84%, respectively. The occurrence of the uterine heath score of 1, 2, 3 and 4 was 70.63%, 19.75%, 8.36% and 1.26%, respectively. Cows in beef herds had a 0.51 odds (95% CI = 0.41 to 0.63, P < 0.001) of cycling at the time of examination compared with cows in dairy herds; stage of lactation at the time of examination was the same in both herd types. Furthermore, cows in dairy herds had an inferior uterine score (indicating poorer tone and a greater quantity of uterine fluid present) compared with cows in beef herds. The likelihood of cycling at the time of examination increased with parity and stage of lactation, but was reduced in cows that had experienced dystocia in the previous calving. The presence of cystic structures on the ovaries increased with parity and stage of lactation. The likelihood of embryo/foetal death increased with parity and stage of lactation. Dystocia was not associated with the presence of cystic structures or embryo death. Uterine score improved with parity and stage of lactation, while cows that experienced dystocia in the previous calving had an inferior uterine score. Heterosis was the only factor associated with increased likelihood of early ovulation. The fertility traits identified, and the associated risk factors, provide useful information on the reproductive status of dairy and beef cows.

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Section: Paritysupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Paritymentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors associated with detailed reproductive phenotypes in dairy and beef cows

Carthy

Berry

Fitzgerald

et al. 2014

Animal

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“…A further strength of this study is that the cows are examined in their every day environment and not under constructed or artificial conditions which may cause the animals stress, a possible risk factor for the disease [25-29]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors associated with cystic ovarian disease in Norwegian dairy cattle

2010

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BackgroundThe aims of this study were to establish the incidence of cystic ovarian disease (COD) and its geographical and seasonal variation in Norway, investigate the effect of COD on culling rates, and describe the effects of COD on subsequent reproductive performance and its association to twins.MethodsDiagnosis of COD was made by veterinary surgeons in the field. Four statistical models were made all including herd as random effect: The four different dependent variables investigated were: 1) Diagnosis of COD between 40 and 165 days in milk or not; (n = 511,657); 2) Twins or singleton; data restricted to lactations with new calving (n = 156,661): 3) Culling/removal or not (n = 573,184): 4) Culling due to reproductive problems; data included only lactations which ended in culling (n = 234,232). Model 1, 3 and 4 applied Cox regression models, and model 2 logistic regression. Independent variables were parity, twins/singletons, calving season, herd size, region, COD occurrence in present lactation (if not dependent), and COD diagnosis in previous lactation.ResultsThe incidence was 0.82% per lactation. COD increased with increasing parity, was smallest at herd size between 35 and 85 cows. Cows in 1st parity and calved in spring had lowest hazard of COD and hazard for COD diagnosis was highest in autumn with HR = 2.6 (1.9 - 3.4) compared to spring. There was an interaction between parity and season. COD incidence was lower south of 60°N. Cows which experienced COD had an increased odds of giving birth to twins OR = 2.2 (1.7 - 2.7). Of those that were culled, those with COD were culled more frequently because of reproductive problems; HR = 2.1 (1.9 - 2.3) for higher parity than 2. Having COD diagnosed in the preceding lactation was a hazard for diagnosis in the lactation studied.ConclusionCOD diagnosis is strongly associated with season (autumn calving) and parity. Herds north of 60°N have more COD. Occurrence of COD is associated with twin births as well as culling due to reproduction.

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“…2003), but remain poorly understood. It is believed that the condition has a multifactorial aetiology with a number of clinical, environmental and hereditary factors that are responsible for the disease process (Liptrap and McNally 1976; Kesler and Garverick 1982; Bosu and Peter 1987; Lopez‐Diaz and Bosu 1992; Eyestone and Ax 1984; Woolums and Peter 1994b; Garverick 1997; Peter 1997; Zulu and Penny 1998; Peter 2000; Ribadu et al. 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on Cystic Ovarian Degeneration in Cattle

Peter

2004

Reprod Domestic Animals

163

145

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Cystic ovarian degeneration (COD) is considered to be one of the most important causes of reproductive failure in cattle. There is a severe economic loss to dairy industry because COD increases days-open in the postpartum period and the culling rates. The disease process is a consequence of a mature follicle that fails to ovulate at the appointed time of ovulation in the oestrous cycle. This anovulatory follicular structure either regresses or persists as a follicular or luteal cyst depending upon its structural/functional characteristics. The cells lining the follicular cyst synthesize oestrogen that, in certain instances, forces the animal to exhibit clinical signs of nymphomania. Besides oestrogen production, as per recent findings, they are also capable of secreting varying amount of progesterone which may dictate their fate. The animals that carry a luteal cyst may tend to be in anoestrus as the higher amount of progesterone secreted by this luteinized structure may change the pattern of gonadotrophins' secretion. Present findings suggest that perturbation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-ovarian (HHO) axis, due to many exogenous and endogenous factors, as the cause for anovulation. For example, it has been suggested that lack of hypothalamic or hypophyseal response to the positive feedback effect of oestrogens that are secreted by the dominant follicle as one of the many causes. The non-physiological changes that occur in the receptor expression of the HHO axis for the hormones involved in maturation, deviation, dominance and ovulation of the follicle may be yet another cause. The changes that occur at the cellular and molecular level in the ovary (in response to the factors mentioned above) that contribute to anovulation remain to be documented. This approach would allow us to completely understand the disease process. Hitherto, hormonal preparations that release luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary or have luteinizing hormone-like action are used to treat follicular cysts. GnRH belongs to the former group and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) hormone forms the latter group. Treatment with a luteolytic agent, prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), is successful if a luteal cyst is diagnosed properly. Many agents may be developed in the future if the cellular and molecular pathways of the disease process are delineated. This article will review recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of COD and suggest direction for future studies to completely understand the disease mechanism. This review will also discuss the existing method of treatments for cysts and methods proposed for treatment of cysts that tend to be refractory in nature.

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Risk Factors of Cystic Ovarian Disease in Dairy Cattle.

Cited by 11 publications

References 19 publications

Risk factors associated with detailed reproductive phenotypes in dairy and beef cows

Risk factors associated with detailed reproductive phenotypes in dairy and beef cows

Risk factors associated with cystic ovarian disease in Norwegian dairy cattle

An Update on Cystic Ovarian Degeneration in Cattle

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