Risk factors of kidney stone disease: a cross-sectional study in the southeast of Iran

Abstract

Background The prevalence of kidney stones in the world is increasing and environmental factors seem to play a major role in this issue. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of risk factors of kidney stones in the adult population of Rafsanjan city based on the data of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS). Methods In the baseline phase of this study, 10,000 people aged 35 to 70 years are enrolled in the RCS, as one of the prospective epidemiological research studies in Iran. From this population, 9932 participants completed related demographic questionnaires as well as reported a history of diabetes mellitus, kidney stone, and hypertension diseases. The obtained data were analyzed using univariable and multivariable logistics regression. Results According to the obtained results, 46.54% of the studied population were male and 53.46% were female. The mean age of the participants was 49.94 ± 9.56 years. 2392 people accounting for 24.08% of the population had kidney stones. After adjustment of the variables, six variables of gender, WSI, no consumption of purified water, BMI, and history of hypertension and diabetes were found to be significant related factors of kidney stone disease. Conclusions Gender, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and personal habits like alcohol consumption, opium use and, cigarette smoking are effective in the development of kidney stones. So, by identifying the susceptible patients and teaching them, the burden of the disease on society and the individual can be reduced. The results of this study are helpful to health care providers for preventive planning for kidney stone disease.

Risk Factors of Nephrolithiasis in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Rawalpindi: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

“…The high prevalence of renal stones in non-diabetic and normotensive people could be due to the relatively young age of the study population as in other studies; diabetes mellitus and hypertension have been recorded as significant risk factors for renal stones as mentioned above. High BMI, which means overweight or obesity, was noted to increase nephrolithiasis incidence in study participants, and a similar observation was also made by some other studies [ 2 , 14 ].…”

“…Renal stones were more prevalent in the non-diabetic group in our study population. However, another study proposed that diabetes mellitus puts its patients at the risk of renal stone formation [ 14 ]. This study presented a high frequency of renal stones among patients with normal blood pressure, in contrast to a study that reported hypertension as a risk factor for renal stone generation [ 7 ].…”

The rs13347 Polymorphism of the CD44 Gene Is Associated with the Risk of Kidney Stones Disease in the Chinese Han Population of Northeast Sichuan, China

“…In addition, there were significant differences in personal habits such as alcohol consumption, water consumption, and diet (seafood or high fat) between the KSD and Control groups. Studies have confirmed a strong correlation between alcohol consumption, high-fat diet, and fish or shellfish intake and KDS prevalence [ 21 , 22 ]. This is similar to our results.…”

The impact of secondhand smoke on the development of kidney stone disease is not inferior to that of smoking: a longitudinal cohort study

“…A cross-sectional study conducted in the southeast of Iran showed a high risk of kidney stone development for male gender (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.39 to 1.76), higher BMI (25 to 29.9 kg/m 2 OR, 1.24, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.40 and ≥ 30 kg/m 2 OR: 1.30, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.48). 4 Additionally, Taylor et al found an association between obesity and KSD regarding gender, which shows the multivariable relative risk for stone formation in men with a BMI of 30 or greater compared with men with a BMI of 21 to 22.9 was 1.33 (95% CI 1.08-1.63), and the corresponding relative risks for the same categories of BMI in older and younger women were 1.90 (95% CI, 1.61-2.25) and 2.09 (95% CI, 1.77-2.48), respectively. 26 According to data from the nationwide, population based study in Taiwan, the age adjusted prevalence in 2010 in male and female subjects was 9.01% and 5.79%, respectively.…”

“…2 KSD can contribute to pain, infection, urinary tract obstruction, thus affecting patients' kidney function, quality of life and comorbidities, which have a huge impact on human health. 3,29 There are many factors associated with the development of KSD, including age 4 , male gender 5 , obesity 6 , genetics 7 , environmental pollutants 8 , habits and customs. 9 By avoiding the modi able risks factors may promote human health and reduce medical burden.…”