Risk Factors of Mental Retardation in Children Attending an Educationally Subnormal/Mental School in Dammam, Saudi Arabia

Al-Dawood, Kasim M; Albar, Adnan A.

doi:10.5144/0256-4947.1993.355

Cited by 2 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Accordingly, they were under greater physical stress. Dawood, in a study on mothers of mentally retarded children in Dammam area16 found a similarly high degree of physical stress 10. This study showed a positive connection of the important role mothers play in diabetic management with their stress 17.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…Dawood, in a study on mothers of mentally retarded children in Dammam area 16 found a similarly high degree of physical stress. 10 This study showed a positive connection of the important role mothers play in diabetic management with their stress. 17 The physical stress index also correlated positively with increased frequency of blood tests (p=0.009) ( Table 4 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…In his study of mentally retarded children, Al-Dawood10 did not find a significant financial stress on their families. This may be because the cost of caring for the two conditions is different and that mentally retarded children do not require as much continuous daily monitoring as is the case with diabetics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…This was done in the pediatric clinic, diabetic centers and at home. The instrument used was a structured questionnaire developed by Kovacs et al16 that had been previously used in Saudi Arabia to determine stress in the parents of the handicapped in Dammam city 10…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 2 The prevalence of DM in children in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has not been determined yet, although it is believed to be high. 2 – 10 Psychological and psychiatric disturbances are common in DM. 11 Much stress is expected in families where there is a diabetic child to be taken care of.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Psychosocial Impact on Mothers of Saudi Diabetic Children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

1998

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a worldwide chronic disease with variable prevalence. In Saudi Arabia, DM is believed to have a high prevalence, with type II non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDD) occurring more frequently than Type I (IDDM).1-3 Childhood diabetes mellitus was recently studied in Riyadh. Over a two-year period, 428 diabetic patients were admitted to the King Khalid Hospital. Of these, 24% had Type I diabetes (IDDM), and 6.8% were children under 12 years of age. Diabetic children were estimated to make up 0.6% of the total pediatric admissions at the hospital. 4Some population-based studies have led to the conclusion that children with chronic illness are up to three times more likely to have psychological problems than healthy peers. 5 The psychological aspect of IDDM in children has been studied widely, but only a few studies have been done on the psychological impact of diabetes on the parents, and how they respond to it. 6 Parents are responsible for the behavior and well-being of their children, therefore, the psychological condition of the parents is of particular interest. 7 The parents, particularly the mothers, of diabetic children undergo psychological responses, including initial shock, fear, depression and anger. Observational methods through interviewing showed that 27.6% of the diabetic mothers were mentally disturbed, in comparison to 11.1% in the control group.9 A high incidence of psychiatric problems among the parents of diabetic children was observed in a Swedish study. 10 In a similar Scottish study, the mothers of diabetic children were found to be more depressed and anxious than mothers of the control group.9 Kovacs et al. 7 examined how the parents adjust to the illness in the first year of IDDM. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Hopkin's Symptom Checklist 90-item version (SCL-90) were filled out by the parents and another two scales were filled out by clinicians, namely, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRS-D) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HRS-A). He found that the initial strain of living with a child having IDDM generally elicited mild and subclinical depression, anxiety and overall distress.This study was limited to children up to the age of 12 years only, according to the official definition of childhood applied in health services in Saudi Arabia.11 To the best of our knowledge this was the first study of this subject. The objectives of the study were: 1) to identify the psychosocial effects on the mothers of diabetic children, as manifested by emotional and psychosomatic symptoms of anxiety and depression, such as fatigue and nervousness, then to compare them with the control group of mothers of non-diabetic healthy children, and 2) to analyze the important epidemiological characteristics (child order, mother's age, diabetic monitoring-blood and urine tests, socioeconomic status, etc.) of diabetics and their relation to psychosocial influences among mothers of diabetic children. Materials and MethodsThis is a case control study conducted during 1995 i...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Psychosocial Impact on Mothers of Saudi Diabetic Children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

1998

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Fever during pregnancy as a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders: results from a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Fever during pregnancy is a relatively common and most often trivial event. However, under specific conditions, it could affect significantly fetal brain development. Few studies, with inconsistent results, investigated whether fever, regardless the pathogen, could represent a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) in the offspring. We aimed to explore further this question by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods Peer-reviewed studies exploring the occurrence of NDD in offspring after a fetal exposure to maternal fever were included. We specifically considered the impact of fever severity and duration, taking into consideration some confounding variables such as the use of antipyretic during pregnancy, the trimester in which the fever arose, the maternal age or smoking at time of gestation. MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane and Web of Science were searched without language restriction. PRISMA recommendations were followed. Odds ratio (OR) were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity in effect size across studies was studied using random-effects meta-regression analysis. (PROSPERO CRD42020182801). Results We finally considered ten studies gathering a total of 10,304 children with NDD. Among them, 1394 were exposed to fever during pregnancy. The selected studies were divided into 5 case–control studies and 5 cohort studies. Maternal exposure to fever during pregnancy increased the risk of NDD in offspring with an OR of 1.24 [95% CI: 1.12–1.38]. Secondary analysis revealed an increased risk for NDD when fever occurred during the first trimester of gestation [OR 1.13–95% CI: 1.02–1.26]. Limitations We excluded studies that considered infections with no evidence of fever. Another potential limitation may be the possible heterogeneity between study designs (cohorts and case–control). Conclusion Additional evidence supported the association between fever during pregnancy and increased risk for NDD in offspring. Careful monitoring should be considered for children born from mothers with a febrile episode during pregnancy (specifically during the first trimester).

show abstract

Risk Factors of Mental Retardation in Children Attending an Educationally Subnormal/Mental School in Dammam, Saudi Arabia

Cited by 2 publications

References 19 publications

Psychosocial Impact on Mothers of Saudi Diabetic Children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Psychosocial Impact on Mothers of Saudi Diabetic Children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Fever during pregnancy as a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders: results from a systematic review and meta-analysis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About