Risk Factors of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Women of Reproductive Age in Xi’an: A Cross-Sectional Study

Zeng, Xianling; Zhang, Yafei; Zhang, Taohong; Xue, Yan; Xu, Huiqiu; An, Ruifang

doi:10.1155/2018/9703754

Cited by 70 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…VVC represents one of the most frequent infections of the genital tract affecting millions of women each year [2]. Several studies evaluating the prevalence of candidiasis among pregnant women showed that the distribution of isolated Candida species varies between countries, and it is greatly depending on several risk factors such as age, hygienic habits, and disease history [2, 6, 10, 16]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the prevalence of vaginal candidiasis among pregnant women in Lebanon.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different factors related to physiologic changes, such as decreased cellular immunity, elevated hormone levels, reduced vaginal pH, and increased vaginal glycogen concentration, have been associated with a higher risk of VVC during pregnancy [6, 9, 10]. Candida colonization is also considered to be a consequence of broad-spectrum antibiotic use and has been reportedly associated with a decreased colonization of Lactobacillus , probably resulting from the interference with epithelial binding sites [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emergence of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Lebanese Pregnant Women: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Species Distribution

Ghaddar

Roz

Ghssein

et al. 2019

Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology

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Objective. Candida species colonize the vagina in at least 20% of women, with rates rising to 30% during pregnancy. This study aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) in pregnant women at 35-37 weeks of gestation. It also aims at finding possible correlations between VVC and vaginal colonization by other agents, such as Group B Streptococcus (GBS) and bacterial vaginosis. Methodology. Over a one-year period, high vaginal swabs were collected from pregnant women during their regular antenatal checkup in different polyclinics in Beirut and South Lebanon. Swabs were examined microscopically, cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, and Candida isolates were identified using Chromatic Candida medium and Germ Tube Test. Results. VVC was detected in 44.8% of samples, with C. glabrata (44.4%) and C. albicans (43.4%) being the most isolated species. Approximately, half of pregnant women (57.7%) were coinfected with Candida and bacterial vaginosis, while 26% of them carried simultaneously Candida spp. and GBS. No significant correlation was found between the occurrence of VVC and demographic, clinical, medical, and reproductive health characteristics of pregnant women. In contrast, participants with previous miscarriages and those being hospitalized during the past 12 months were more susceptible to develop vaginal C. krusei infection in comparison to other Candida species (p=0.0316 and p=0.0042, respectively). Conclusion. The prevalence of VVC in pregnant women is an increasing trend in our community. Therefore, routine medical examination and regular screening for candidiasis in the antenatal care program is highly recommended to manage the disease and its complications.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Lebanese Pregnant Women: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Species Distribution

Ghaddar

Roz

Ghssein

et al. 2019

Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology

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“…Hence, reports showed that significant percentage of healthy women harbour species of Candida in their genital tract (Makanjuola et al, 2018). Other risk factors may include indulgence in sugary, diets, sedentary lifestyle, and abuse of antibiotics (Zeng et al, 2018). In their quest for the predilection of C. albicans in the vulvovaginal tract, Amabebe and Anumba (2018), suggested that although glycogen accumulation in vagina of post reproductive women population consists in one of the hormonal effects of estrogen, the influence of stress on the pituitary hormone can also, ultimately trigger accumulation of glycogen and susceptibility to colonization by C. albicans and subsequent infection in the pre-reproductive women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteinase activities of <i>Candida</i> spp. isolated from different anatomical sites of healthy women

Chidebelu¹,

Ogbonna²,

Nweze³

2019

Bio-Research

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Superficial and systemic fungal infections caused by Candida have been increasingly reported in recent times. Hydrolytic enzyme production is an important process in fungal pathogenesis and proteases have been identified as important virulence attributes in Candida species. The aim of the study was to determine and compare the in vitro proteinase activity in sixty Candida spp isolated from three different anatomical sites (vagina, oral cavity and skin) of healthy women. Twenty samples per sample source were collected from apparently healthy female subjects. The recovered Candida isolates were properly identified and screened for proteolytic activity using established procedures. Overall, the recovery rate of Candida albicans was 66.7%, while the non-albicans Candida species represent 25% of the positive samples. Candida albicans recovered from the oral cavity exhibited the highest proteolytic activity (Pz range = 0.41±0.02-0.65 ± 0.04), followed by skin isolates (Pz = 0.50 ± 0.05-0.79 ± 0.06). Isolates from the vagina had the least proteolytic activity (Pz = 0.57 ± 0.03-0.95 ± 0.08). The difference in proteolysis was significant between oral and vagina isolates (p = 0.0042), as well as skin and vaginal isolates (p = 0.0364). This study indicates that C. albicans remains the most prevalent species in all the anatomical body sites investigated. Moreover, the secretion of proteases could prove a potent virulence factor during the pathogenesis of the organism in an otherwise immunocompetent host.

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“…About 50% of these will have a second episode, and 5 to 10% will develop the recurrent form. 2 Vulvovaginal candidiasis gives rise to much discomfort in many patients, poses a threatening problem to clinicians, and generates considerable direct and indirect economic costs associated with medication and healthcare visits, 3 representing a cost estimate of $2.84 billion in the United States alone. 4 Most women will experience only one or two episodes of VVC, but there is a large, albeit poorly defined, subset that experiences multiple recurrences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratorial Aspects of Cytolytic Vaginosis and Vulvovaginal Candidiasis as a Key for Accurate Diagnosis: A Pilot Study

Sanches

Giraldo

Bardin

et al. 2020

Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet

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Objective To identify clinical, microscopic, and biochemical characteristics that differentiate cytolytic vaginosis (CV) from vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Methods The present cross-sectional study analyzed the vaginal contents of 24 non-pregnant women aged 18 to 42 years who were attended at the Genital Infections Clinic at Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (CAISM-UNICAMP). They were diagnosed either with (CV = 8, VVC = 8) or without vulvovaginitis or vaginal dysbiosis (controls). The socio-demographic, clinical, and gynecological data were obtained from a detailed patient interview. Samples of the vaginal contents were collected for analysis of vaginal pH, gram stain, and specific fungal culture. The Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher exact tests were used to compare the differences between the groups. Odds ratios were used to compare the categorical variables. The significance level was considered at p < 0.05. Results Both women with CV and VVC had a lumpy vaginal discharge (p = 0,002) and vaginal hyperemia (p = 0.001), compared with controls. The inflammatory process was more intense in the VVC group (p = 0.001). In the CV group, there was statistical significance for the lactobacillus amount (p = 0.006), vaginal epithelium lysis (p = 0.001), and vaginal pH (p = 0.0002). Conclusion Cytolytic vaginosis and VVC diagnoses rarely differ on clinical characteristics but have different laboratorial findings. The present study highlights the importance of conducting an accurate investigation through laboratory tests rather than clinical criteria to avoid misdiagnosis.

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Risk Factors of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Women of Reproductive Age in Xi’an: A Cross-Sectional Study

Cited by 70 publications

References 30 publications

Emergence of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Lebanese Pregnant Women: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Species Distribution

Emergence of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Lebanese Pregnant Women: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Species Distribution

Proteinase activities of <i>Candida</i> spp. isolated from different anatomical sites of healthy women

Laboratorial Aspects of Cytolytic Vaginosis and Vulvovaginal Candidiasis as a Key for Accurate Diagnosis: A Pilot Study

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