Risk factors related to hypertension among patients in a cohort living with HIV/AIDS

Abstract

Introduction: Studies disagree as to whether there is a greater prevalence of hypertension among HIV/AIDS patients and the role of antiretroviral therapy. Objective: Evaluate the prevalence of hypertension and risk factors in a cohort of HIV-infected patients, with emphasis on antiretroviral therapy. Method: Case-control study conducted at baseline of a cohort, between June/2007 and December/2008 in Pernambuco/Brazil. Blood pressure was classifi ed as normal, prehypertension, and hypertension. Results: Of 958 patients, 245 (25.6%) had hypertension (cases), 325 (33.9%) had prehypertension, and 388 (40.5%) were normotensive (controls). Comparison between hypertensive and normotensive patients showed that traditional factors, such as age > 40 (OR = 3.06, CI = 1.91-4.97), male gender (OR = 1.85, CI = 1.15-3.01), BMI > 25 (OR = 5.51, CI = 3.36-9.17), and triglycerides > 150 mg/dL (OR = 1.69, CI = 1.05-2.71), were independently associated with hypertension. Duration of antiretroviral therapy and CD4 > 200 cells/mm 3 were associated with hypertension in univariate analysis, but did not remain in fi nal model. Type of antiretroviral schema and lipodystrophy showed no association with hypertension. Conclusion: Hypertension in HIV/AIDS patients is partially linked to invariable factors, such as age and sex. Efforts should be directed toward controlling reversible factors, particularly excessive weight gain and unsuitable diet.

Hypertension and Obesity as Cardiovascular Risk Factors among HIV Seropositive Patients in Western Kenya

“…However, individual cardiovascular risk is usually determined by a combination of several risk factors including age, family history, smoking, hypertension, overweight, diabetes and dyslipidemia. With regard to blood pressure alone, better immune system function as measured by a higher CD4 count is related to higher blood pressure [31]. The pathophysiology in this case has not been well established but is thought to be due to improved overall general health and nutritional status [32].…”

Hypertension Control in Brazilian Publications

“…In the city of Salvador, Bahia state 38 , the hypertension control rate among nursing professionals undergoing treatment for arterial hypertension was 30.6%, while in a university-affiliated hospital in the city of São Paulo, São Paulo state 39 , that rate among professionals of several categories (physicians, nurses and administrative) who knew to be hypertensives was 49%. A study 40 with hypertensives with the human immunodeficiency virus has reported an arterial hypertension control rate of 14.8%, considering the total number of hypertensives in the cohort. Greater control rates were found among hypertensives from the pharmaceutical (65.7%) 41 and social assistance (67.3%) 42 settings.…”

Diabetes and Hypertension among Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Treatment Since 1998 in Senegal: Prevalence and Associated Factors

“…Studies on hypertension among people living with HIV report a wide range of prevalence [33, 38, 50–56]. Factors associated with this prevalence are the same as those found in the general population.…”

“…In Johannesburg, a prevalence of 19.1% was observed among patients infected with HIV, ages 18 to 45 years, and on ARVs for over one year [33]. In Brazil, two studies reported a prevalence of 19.9% and 25.6%, respectively [38, 50]. The study of the South American cohort reported a prevalence of 31.5% [34] but used a different definition (systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mm Hg) than that of our study.…”

“…The study of the South American cohort reported a prevalence of 31.5% [34] but used a different definition (systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mm Hg) than that of our study. Factors associated with hypertension were age, male sex, overweight, and hypertriglyceridemia [50]. …”