Risk for Avian Influenza Virus Exposure at Human–Wildlife Interface

Siembieda, Jennifer L.; Johnson, Christine K.; Boyce, Walter M.; Sandrock, Christian; Cardona, Carol J.

doi:10.3201/eid1407.080066

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In addition, because hunters have been identified as the human population most at risk for exposure to AIV ( 35 ) and antibodies to H11 subtype have been identified in hunters and wildlife professionals ( 36 ), continued monitoring of AIV in waterfowl and humans exposed to them should provide useful information about the prevalence and significance of wild animal-to-human transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiyear Surveillance for Avian Influenza Virus in Waterfowl from Wintering Grounds, Texas Coast, USA

Ferro¹,

Budke²,

Peterson³

et al. 2010

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiyear Surveillance for Avian Influenza Virus in Waterfowl from Wintering Grounds, Texas Coast, USA

Ferro¹,

Budke²,

Peterson³

et al. 2010

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…Similarly, in 2010, the pandemic H1N1 influenza virus that circulated in humans in the US in 2009 was detected in apparently healthy wild-caught northern elephant seals (Goldstein et al 2013). To date, isolation of influenza from stranded seals is rare in California, but seroprevalence varies by year and species, with higher levels of seroconversion in northern elephant seals than in harbor seals (Siembieda et al 2008, Boyce et al 2013, Goldstein et al 2013). In contrast, influenza A infection of harbor seals along the Atlantic coast of the United States has resulted in significant mortality, most recently in 2011 due to H3N8 (Anthony et al 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Surveillance for zoonotic and selected pathogens in harbor seals Phoca vitulina from central California

Greig¹,

Gulland²,

Smith³

et al. 2014

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The infection status of harbor seals Phoca vitulina in central California, USA, was evaluated through broad surveillance for pathogens in stranded and wild-caught animals from 2001 to 2008, with most samples collected in 2007 and 2008. Stranded animals from Mendocino County to San Luis Obispo County were sampled at a rehabilitation facility: The Marine Mammal Center (TMMC, n = 175); wild-caught animals were sampled at 2 locations: San Francisco Bay (SF, n = 78) and Tomales Bay (TB, n = 97), that differed in degree of urbanization. Low prevalences of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium were detected in the feces of stranded and wild-caught seals. Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli were more prevalent in the feces of stranded (58% [78 out of 135] and 76% [102 out of 135]) than wild-caught (42% [45 out of 106] and 66% [68 out of 106]) seals, whereas Vibrio spp. were 16 times more likely to be cultured from the feces of seals from SF than TB or TMMC (p < 0.005). Brucella DNA was detected in 3.4% of dead stranded harbor seals (2 out of 58). Type A influenza was isolated from feces of 1 out of 96 wild-caught seals. Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis neurona, and type A influenza was only detected in the wild-caught harbor seals (post-weaning age classes), whereas antibody titers to Leptospira spp. were detected in stranded and wild-caught seals. No stranded (n = 109) or wildcaught (n = 217) harbor seals had antibodies to phocine distemper virus, although a single low titer to canine distemper virus was detected. These results highlight the role of harbor seals as sentinel species for zoonotic and terrestrial pathogens in the marine environment.KEY WORDS: Campylobacter · Leptospira · Influenza · Morbillivirus · Neospora · Sarcocystis · Toxoplasma · Vibrio Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 111: [93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106] 2014 affect marine mammals are zoonoses, raising concerns that marine mammal excretions may pose a risk to human health (Knap et al. 2002). Human exposure by fecal, oral, or respiratory routes could occur in the water, on docks, boats, or beaches, or through occupational health exposure.Zoonotic pathogens known to cause disease in harbor seals include influenza A (Geraci et al. 1982, Anthony et al. 2012, Brucella (Garner et al. 1997), Toxoplasma gondii (Lapointe et al. 1998, Miller et al. 2001, and Leptospira interrogans (Stamper et al. 1998, Stevens et al. 1999. Surveys of apparently healthy seals in remote areas considered to be relatively pristine have demonstrated exposure to zoonotic bacteria such as Brucella spp., and protozoa such as Giardia, T. gondii, and Sarcocystis neurona (Olson et al. 1997, Dubey et al. 2003, Zarnke et al. 2006, Jensen et al. 2010, highlighting the role that marine mammals may play both as sentinels of pathogen pollution in the marine environment and as potential reservoirs for pathogens that could affect humans (Ross 2000). There...

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“…Infection or evidence of exposure to two subtypes detected in shovelers, H7N3 and H11N9, have been detected in humans exposed to poultry and waterfowl (Gill et al 2006, Myers et al 2007). Recreational (hunting) and occupationalexposuretothesewaterfowlspeciesmaysimilarly put people at risk for AIV exposure (Siembieda et al 2008).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza A Viruses in Wild Birds of the Pacific Flyway, 2005–2008

Siembieda

Johnson

Cardona

et al. 2010

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose a significant threat to public health, and viral subtypes circulating in natural avian reservoirs can contribute to the emergence of pathogenic influenza viruses in humans. We investigated the prevalence and distribution of AIVs in 8826 migratory and resident wild birds in North America along the Pacific flyway, which is a major north-south migration pathway that overlaps with four other flyways in Alaska providing opportunities for mixing of Eurasian and American origin influenza viruses. Overall, the prevalence of AIVs was low (1%) among the wide range of avian species tested, but we detected AIVs in 69 hunterharvested waterfowl (Anseriformes) sampled at a national wildlife refuge in California from October 2007 to January 2008. A wide range of subtypes were detected in waterfowl with H6N1, H10N7, H7N3, and H3N5 being the most common. We suspect H6N1 was introduced or remerged in 2007 at this key wintering site for waterfowl along the Pacific Flyway. Over a 3-week period, 13 H6N1 AIVs were isolated from two northern pintails (Anas acuta), three northern shovelers (Anas clypeata), three ring-necked ducks (Aythya collaris), four American widgeon (Anas americana), and one gadwall (Anas strepera). We conclude that a diverse array of AIVs was present and that cross-species transmission was occurring among waterfowl in the central valley wetlands of California.

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Risk for Avian Influenza Virus Exposure at Human–Wildlife Interface

Cited by 23 publications

References 12 publications

Multiyear Surveillance for Avian Influenza Virus in Waterfowl from Wintering Grounds, Texas Coast, USA

Multiyear Surveillance for Avian Influenza Virus in Waterfowl from Wintering Grounds, Texas Coast, USA

Surveillance for zoonotic and selected pathogens in harbor seals Phoca vitulina from central California

Influenza A Viruses in Wild Birds of the Pacific Flyway, 2005–2008

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