“…It was unexpected that mood and anxiety disorders in general were not elevated for Indigenous Australian and Maori populations, given the context of elevated rates of mental health service usage (Abas et al, 2003;Abas et al, 2008; Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2011), psychological distress (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2011;Cunningham and Paradies, 2012;Gubhaju et al, 2013;Ministry of Health, 2015), alcohol and/or substance use (Baxter et al, 2006;Indig et al, 2010;Indig et al, 2011;Marie et al, 2008;Simpson et al, 2003), hospitalised rates of self-harm (Ministry of Health, 2011; Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision, 2014), and suicide in these groups (Beals et al, 2005). Another study found that after adjusting for covariates (such as gender and parental education), Canadian Aboriginal status was not significantly linked to depressed mood in a large sample of young people (N= 4,093; Lemstra et al, 2008). These results may therefore reflect genuine outcomes where Indigenous people are not at significantly higher risk of some psychiatric disorders than other groups.…”