Risk indicators for periodontal disease in a racially diverse urban population

Abstract

A cross-sectional study of 117 subjects from a dental clinic serving a diverse population (i.e., Whites, African-Americans, Native-Americans, and Asians) was performed to evaluate risk indicators of periodontal disease. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and subgingival plaque were taken at the same visit from 4 posterior sites of the most diseased sextant in each subject. Age, smoking packyears, beta-glucuronidase (beta G), neutrophil elastase (NE), myeloperoxidase (MPO), Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) were significantly (p < 0.05-0.005) correlated with attachment loss. Probing depth was significantly correlated with smoking packyears, beta G, NE, MPO, F. nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia (P. intermedia) (p < 0.05-0.005). Mean NE value of Whites was lower than the mean NE values of African-Americans, Native-Americans and Asians (p < 0.05). Whites had a lower mean beta G value compared to African Americans, and a lower mean MPO value compared to African Americans and Native Americans. The %s of patients positive for F. nucleatum, P. intermedia and Eikenella corrodens (E. corrodens) were higher in Native Americans compared to Whites. Step-wise multiple regression analysis was performed to construct models for the estimation of probing depth and attachment loss. The most parsimonious regression models which had the best R2 values included the following variables and accounted for the indicated % of variability: models 1 and 2: beta G, race, and F. nucleatum accounted for 50% of the variability in mean probing depth and 39% of the variability in a single site (first molar) for probing depth, respectively; model 3: age, beta G, and F. nucleatum accounted for 53% of the variability in mean attachment loss; model 4: age, NE, and F. nucleatum explained 35% of the variability in a single site (first molar) for attachment loss. The results suggest that age, race, smoking packyears, beta G, NE, MPO, F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis and P. intermedia are risk indicators for periodontal disease in this racially diverse urban population. Regression models which include multiple variables (i.e., demographic factors, GCF enzymes and periodontopathic bacteria) can be used to estimate periodontal disease status.

Porphyromonas gingivalis Strain Diversity

“…CGH analysis of the genomes of seven clinically prevalent heteroduplex type strains identified 133 genes from strain W83 that were divergent in at least one of the other strains. The relatedness of the strains to one another determined on the basis of genome content (microarray) analysis was highly similar to their relatedness determined on the basis of ISR sequence analysis, and a striking correlation between the genome contents and disease-associated phenotypes of the strains was observed.Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative anaerobe that has been strongly implicated as a pathogen in adult (chronic) periodontitis (3,15,20,32,39,40), a destructive disease that affects the gingiva and supporting structures of the teeth. The bacterium is found under conditions of both health and disease, with prevalences that range from 10% to 25% in healthy individuals and 79% to 90% in individuals with periodontitis being found (20,23,24).…”

“…Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative anaerobe that has been strongly implicated as a pathogen in adult (chronic) periodontitis (3,15,20,32,39,40), a destructive disease that affects the gingiva and supporting structures of the teeth. The bacterium is found under conditions of both health and disease, with prevalences that range from 10% to 25% in healthy individuals and 79% to 90% in individuals with periodontitis being found (20,23,24).…”

Periodontal Status in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

“…Age was considered beside non-modifiable factor that plays an important role in periodontal disease risk and progression. 22,23 Besides that, the systemic inflammatory burden related to periodontal disease that is associated with chronic kidney disease is may increase by age. However, gender was not a significant factor related to periodontal disease in this study that was consistent with other our study in a group of Vietnamese dental patients.…”

Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Periodontal Disease

“…The presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans confers no additional risk of developing localized aggressive periodontitis in adults despite the fact that its presence is necessary for the disease to develop (Buchmann et al, 2000). It has been shown that Prevotella intermedia, P gingivalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum may be risk indicators for periodontal disease in a diverse population, though they are not risk factors (Alpagot et al, 1996). Active infections with human cytomegalovirus and other herpesviruses have been proposed as possible risk factors for destructive periodontal diseases, including chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and necrotizing periodontal diseases (Kamma & Slots, 2003).…”