Risk mapping of bovine hypodermosis using geographical information system (GIS) in cattle of subtropical region, Pakistan

Abstract

Introduction: Hypodermosis is an ectoparasitic disease of cattle caused by Hypoderma lineatum and Hypoderma bovis. It is an important health problem of cattle, leading to considerable economic losses. There are various factors that are involved in the spread of this disease such as herd size, location, temperature, humidity, and precipitation. Methodology: Blood samples from 112 herds were collected to determine the presence of Hypoderma spp. infestation. For these herds, size and location were determined; temperature, humidity, and precipitation data were obtained from meteorological stations; and topographic features were obtained from existing maps and through field work. A regression analysis was then used to generate a risk factor analysis profile for hypodermosis and geographic information system (GIS) was used to map the risks. Results: The GIS map developed showed the degree of infestation in different geographical locations at district and village levels. Cluster analysis demonstrated that hypodermosis prevalence varied within zones and across zones. The regression analysis showed that the temperature in the months of January, February, March, August, and November, and the precipitation in September and October had significant results (p < 0.05) when all the risks factors were analyzed. Conclusions: It is concluded that different ecological factors have an important impact on the intensity and infestation rate of hypodermosis across the globe. The present study might be used to control and eradicate the hypodermosis across the globe.

Hypodermosis in Northern Serbia (Vojvodina)

“…Haine et al presented data on the regional prevalence of hypodermosis in cattle in Belgium, which stood at 36-92% (15). Such a high prevalence of infection was conditioned by the size of the pastures and the effects of various relevant climatic factors (daily temperature, precipitation and relative humidity) (13,14,15,16). The latest investigations conducted in Romania showed that, based on clinical examinations, the prevalence of hypodermosis was 16.21%, on parasitological section, 18.91%, while the seroprevalence was 27.27% (13).…”

Molecular Characterization and Chronobiology of Hypodermosis in Cattle Slaughtered in the Diyarbakir Province of Turkey

“…The larvae are approximately 30 mm long when mature and the pre-pupa exits the warble by the breathing aperture and falls to the ground. Climatic variations influencing the period of emergence of adult flies from the pupal stage have been reported in different geographical areas of the world (1,(5)(6)(7).…”