“…Financial frauds are difficult to detect manually since the instances of corporate frauds are always concealed (Zakolyukina, 2018; Amiram et al, 2020), particularly in the case of that fraud methods are getting diversified and complicated as corporate business expands and innovates continuously (Li et al, 2022; Yang & Wu, 2022). Fortunately, machine learning develops rapidly in recent years, providing efficient approaches to exploring the relationship between financial risks and the growing financial data (Du & Shu, 2022; Li et al, 2022; Wu et al, 2022). Therefore, many scholars are devoted to developing novel fraud detection models using machine learning, such as Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine, Neural Network, Random Forest, Ensemble Method and many more (Song et al, 2014; Cao et al, 2015; Vasarhelyi et al, 2015; Brown et al, 2020; Ding et al, 2020; Bertomeu et al, 2021; Chen & Zhai, 2023; Xu et al, 2023; Achakzai & Peng, 2023; Li et al, 2023; Pan et al, 2023; Riskiyadi, 2023; Rahman & Zhu, 2023; Zhou et al, 2023).…”