Risk of cancer in women receiving hormone replacement therapy

Adami, Hans‐Olov; Persson, Ingemar; Hoover, Robert N.; Schairer, C; Bergkvist, Leif

doi:10.1002/ijc.2910440515

Cited by 239 publications

(143 citation statements)

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“…19,22,24,25 Such differences in geographic region, as well as differences in study design and the definition of variables, make the comparison of results difficult. Two studies from East Asia 17,27 indicated that a shorter menstrual cycle is associated with increased lung cancer risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eleven studies have reported on the association of HRT and risk of lung cancer. 18,19,21,22,[24][25][26]28,30,31,35 Most of these studies do not define whether their results pertain to estrogen alone or estrogen plus progestin. One early cohort study from Sweden, 19 which assessed exposure to both potent estrogens and weaker Each factor is adjusted for all other factors, including for parity (4 levels), age at menarche (4 levels), menopausal status (pre-, peri-and postmenopausal), oral contraceptive use (ever/never), hormone replacement use (ever/never), body mass index (continuous), education (3 categories), smoking status (never, former smoker and current smoker), pack-years of smoking (continuous), study center and randomization group (intervention versus control).-2 Among parous women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21,28,29 Findings regarding other reproductive variables and exogenous hormone use are also conflicting. Five cohort studies 19,22,25,30,31 have reported results regarding endocrine factors and lung cancer. However, 3 of the cohort studies focused on exogenous hormone use only, 19,22,25 and the number of lung cancer cases was small.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[11][12][13][14][15][16] A small number of mostly case-control studies have examined the association of various reproductive and hormonal factors with lung cancer, but the results have been inconsistent. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Several studies from East Asia have shown an increased risk of lung cancer in women with shorter menstrual cycles, 17,23,27 suggesting that exposure to ovarian hormones may play a role in the disease; however, other studies have found no effect. 21,28,29 Findings regarding other reproductive variables and exogenous hormone use are also conflicting.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Reproductive and hormonal factors and risk of lung cancer in women: A prospective cohort study

Kabat

Miller

Rohan

2007

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Several lines of evidence suggest that endocrine factors may play a role in the development of lung cancer, but the evidence is limited and inconsistent. We investigated the association of reproductive and hormonal factors with risk of lung cancer in the National Breast Screening Study, which included 89,835 Canadian women aged 40-59 years at recruitment between 1980 and 1985. Linkages to national cancer and mortality databases provided data on cancer incidence and deaths from all causes, respectively, with follow-up ending between 1998 and 2000. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between hormonal factors and lung cancer. During a mean of 16.4 years of follow-up, we observed 750 incident lung cancer cases. After adjustment for covariates, parous women were not at increased risk of lung cancer (HR 5 1.18, 95% CI 0.94-1.47) relative to nulliparous women; however, there was a modest increase in risk with increasing parity, reaching a HR of 1.42, 95% CI 1.06-1.88 in women who had 5 or more live births (p for trend 0.02). Among parous women, age at first live birth was inversely associated with risk. Women who had their first live birth at age 30 or older were at reduced risk relative to women who had their first live birth below age 23 (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.50-0.93, p for trend 0.004). These associations did not differ by age at enrollment (40-49 vs. 50-59 years old), but were somewhat strengthened when attention was restricted to never smokers. Ever use of exogenous hormones showed little association with lung cancer risk; however, long-term users of hormone replacement therapy were at slightly increased risk. Our results add to the limited existing evidence that certain reproductive and hormonal factors may be associated with lung cancer risk in women. ' 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: lung neoplasms; reproductive factors; menstrual factors; exogenous hormones Although cigarette smoking accounts for the vast majority of lung cancer incidence, several other factors that may contribute independently to lung cancer risk or modify the effects of smoking have been proposed. 1 Several lines of evidence suggest that endocrine factors may play a role in the development of lung cancer in women, but the evidence is limited and inconsistent. A greater proportion of female than male lung cancer cases occurs in never smokers, and lung cancer is more likely to be adenocarcinoma in women than in men. 2,3 Estrogen receptors and other steroid receptors have been detected in both normal lung tissue and lung tumors, but their significance and their role in lung cancer are unclear. 4-10 Additionally, some studies, though not all, suggest that women are more susceptible to tobacco carcinogenesis than men. 11-16 A small number of mostly case-control studies have examined the association of various reproductive and hormonal factors with lung cancer, but the results have been inconsistent. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Several...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reproductive and hormonal factors and risk of lung cancer in women: A prospective cohort study

Kabat

Miller

Rohan

2007

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…19 The association between HRT use and lung cancer risk is inconsistent. In a Swedish populationbased cohort study, HRT use was associated with an increased lung cancer risk, 20 whereas a study in Japan 21 showed that induced menopause and HRT use were associated with an elevated lung cancer risk compared with normal menopausal women who did not use HRT. A recent Canadian cohort study demonstrated that long-term HRT use is associated with increased risk of lung cancer.…”

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Hormone replacement therapy and lung cancer risk in Chinese

Chen¹,

Hsiao²,

Chang³

et al. 2007

Cancer

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Interaction between different toughening mechanisms is studied using a heat treated hybrid system, consisting of carboxyl‐terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN) rubber and EXPANCEL (expandable hollow microspheres) as modifiers for an epoxy resin. It was found that the fracture toughness of the hybrid system is higher than that of either individually EXPANCEL‐ or CTBN‐modified system for a given content of modifier, although the maximum toughness was not substantially high compared with maxima of single modifier systems. Microscopic examination revealed that damage zone due to CTBN particles ahead of the crack reduces due to the presence of EXPANCEL particles and nevertheless its fracture toughness increased. A possibility was deduced that the cavitation due to CTBN assists with promoting compressive stresses around EXPANCEL particles ahead of the crack tip, resulting in increase in fracture toughness. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4470–4475, 2006

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