Risk of Congenital Heart Defects after Ambient Heat Exposure Early in Pregnancy

Auger, Nathalie; Fraser, William D.; Sauvé, Reg; Bilodeau-Bertrand, Marianne; Kosatsky, Tom

doi:10.1289/ehp171

Cited by 73 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…While Cofilin’s functions will surely differ with context, we suggest it as a key general node in actin-based stress response, acting across diverse cell types and organisms. Our observations in the fly embryo lead us to consider whether stress-induced changes in Cofilin activity could partially explain why high temperature is teratogenic ( Auger et al, 2017 ; Chambers et al, 1998 ; Dixon et al, 2011 ; Edwards 2006 ). Because F-actin remodeling drives morphogenesis ( Rodal et al, 2015 ), we think it possible that Cofilin-mediated stress response could compromise the fidelity of other morphogenetic events, just as it precipitated cellularization failures here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Cofilin-Mediated Actin Stress Response Is Maladaptive in Heat-Stressed Embryos

et al. 2019

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SUMMARY Environmental stress threatens the fidelity of embryonic morphogenesis. Heat, for example, is a teratogen. Yet how heat affects morphogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we identify a heat-inducible actin stress response (ASR) in Drosophila embryos that is mediated by the activation of the actin regulator Cofilin. Similar to ASR in adult mammalian cells, heat stress in fly embryos triggers the assembly of intra-nuclear actin rods. Rods measure up to a few microns in length, and their assembly depends on elevated free nuclear actin concentration and Cofilin. Outside the nucleus, heat stress causes Cofilin-dependent destabilization of filamentous actin (F-actin) in actomyosin networks required for morphogenesis. F-actin destabilization increases the chance of morphogenesis mistakes. Blocking the ASR by reducing Cofilin dosage improves the viability of heat-stressed embryos. However, improved viability correlates with restoring F-actin stability, not rescuing morphogenesis. Thus, ASR endangers embryos, perhaps by shifting actin from cytoplasmic filaments to an elevated nuclear pool.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Cofilin-Mediated Actin Stress Response Is Maladaptive in Heat-Stressed Embryos

et al. 2019

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“…Similarly to TPHP, DEHP is a semivolatile endocrine-disrupting chemical. 16 , 24 − 28 DEHP can cause adverse reproductive health effects, impaired development, and metabolic disruption. 16 It is also a possible human carcinogen that was banned from cosmetics in the European Union at the same time as DnBP in 2004.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22 , 23 Only more recently has TPHP been shown to be an endocrine disruptor that can adversely affect thyroid function and reproductive health in humans. 24 − 28 This new evidence raises concern that one toxic chemical (DnBP) has been replaced by another (TPHP). This phenomenon in public health is called regrettable substitution, in which toxic chemicals are replaced with compounds (sometimes of the same chemical class) that are later found to also be toxic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phthalate and Organophosphate Plasticizers in Nail Polish: Evaluation of Labels and Ingredients

Young

Allen

Kim

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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In the 2000s, nail polish manufacturers started promoting “3-Free” products, phasing out three widely publicized toxic chemicals: toluene, formaldehyde, and dibutyl phthalate (DnBP). However, DnBP was sometimes replaced by another endocrine-disrupting plasticizer, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). Many new “n-Free” labels have since appeared, without any standardization on which n chemicals are excluded. This study aimed to compare measured plasticizer content against nail polish labels. First, we summarized definitions of labels. Then, we measured 12 phthalate and 10 organophosphate plasticizers in 40 nail polishes from 12 brands selected for popularity and label variety. We found labels ranging from 3- to 13-Free; 10-Free was the most inconsistently defined (six definitions). Our samples contained TPHP and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) at up to 7940 and 331 μg/g, respectively. The 5- to 13-Free samples had lower TPHP levels than unlabeled or 3-Free samples (median <0.002 vs 3730 μg/g, p < 0.001). The samples that did not contain TPHP had higher DEHP levels (median 68.5 vs 1.51 μg/g, p < 0.05). We measured plasticizers above 100 μg/g in five brands that did not disclose them and in two that excluded them in labels. This study highlights inconsistencies in nail polish labels and identifies TPHP and DEHP as ingredient substitutes for DnBP.

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“…There is little detailed consideration of cumulative health impacts or complex interactions that may be involved in fracking [ 65 , 66 ]. The exposome concept [ 67 ] developed in 2005, to look at total environmental exposures during a life time would also appear to be highly relevant to impact assessments in heavily industrialized areas where fracking is underway or proposed. It is unclear if such an approach was ever considered for the Scottish review.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public Health and Unconventional Oil and Gas Extraction Including Fracking: Global Lessons from a Scottish Government Review

Watterson

Dinan

2018

IJERPH

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Unconventional oil and gas extraction (UOGE) including fracking for shale gas is underway in North America on a large scale, and in Australia and some other countries. It is viewed as a major source of global energy needs by proponents. Critics consider fracking and UOGE an immediate and long-term threat to global, national, and regional public health and climate. Rarely have governments brought together relatively detailed assessments of direct and indirect public health risks associated with fracking and weighed these against potential benefits to inform a national debate on whether to pursue this energy route. The Scottish government has now done so in a wide-ranging consultation underpinned by a variety of reports on unconventional gas extraction including fracking. This paper analyses the Scottish government approach from inception to conclusion, and from procedures to outcomes. The reports commissioned by the Scottish government include a comprehensive review dedicated specifically to public health as well as reports on climate change, economic impacts, transport, geology, and decommissioning. All these reports are relevant to public health, and taken together offer a comprehensive review of existing evidence. The approach is unique globally when compared with UOGE assessments conducted in the USA, Australia, Canada, and England. The review process builds a useful evidence base although it is not without flaws. The process approach, if not the content, offers a framework that may have merits globally.

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Risk of Congenital Heart Defects after Ambient Heat Exposure Early in Pregnancy

Cited by 73 publications

References 32 publications

Cofilin-Mediated Actin Stress Response Is Maladaptive in Heat-Stressed Embryos

Cofilin-Mediated Actin Stress Response Is Maladaptive in Heat-Stressed Embryos

Phthalate and Organophosphate Plasticizers in Nail Polish: Evaluation of Labels and Ingredients

Public Health and Unconventional Oil and Gas Extraction Including Fracking: Global Lessons from a Scottish Government Review

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