Risk of Diabetic Ketoacidosis Associated with Sodium Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors: A Network Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

Abstract

Background: Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) represent an emerging class of drugs with diverse indications. Despite their therapeutic potential, concerns regarding safety, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), remain contentious, with uncertainty regarding differences among various SGLT2is. This study aimed to conduct a network meta-analysis and meta-regression to evaluate the risk of SGLT2i-induced DKA and associated factors. Methods: We systematically searched electronic databases for randomized clinical trials assessing SGLT2is across indications, reporting incidences of DKA. Mixed treatment comparison pooled estimates (MTCPEs) were calculated, and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) served as effect estimates. We analyzed differences across dose categories (low, medium, and high) and conducted a meta-regression analysis to identify risk factors. The strength of evidence for key comparisons was determined. Results: Our analysis included 73 articles encompassing 85,997 participants assessing the risk of DKA. SGLT2is were associated with a heightened risk of DKA compared to placebo/control interventions (OR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.35, 2.46), a finding confirmed by bootstrap analysis. Among SGLT2is, dapagliflozin (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.17, 3.08), sotagliflozin (OR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.14, 3.25), canagliflozin (OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.11, 12.45), and ertugliflozin (OR: 3.92; 95% CI: 1.04, 14.77) exhibited increased DKA risk. No significant differences were observed among specific SGLT2is. Sub-group analyses revealed a high risk of DKA with low (OR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.3, 2.95) and high doses (OR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.7, 3.3), type 1 diabetes (OR: 3.6; 95% CI: 1.6, 8.1), type 2 diabetes (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.3, 2.4), as well as a diabetes duration exceeding 10 years (OR: 3.4; 95% CI: 1.1, 10.8). The evidence of certainty for most comparisons was moderate. Conclusions: SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) have been found to elevate the risk of DKA. The key factors that significantly predict the likelihood of DKA include the presence of diabetes (whether T1D or T2D) and the duration of diabetes. Based on these findings, standard treatment guidelines should advise taking specific precautions against DKA in patients identified as high-risk.