Risk of Oral Human Papillomavirus Infection Among Sexually Active Female Adolescents Receiving the Quadrivalent Vaccine

Abstract

This cohort study assesses associations between sexual activity, the oral presence of human papillomavirus (HPV), and HPV vaccination among sexually active female adolescents vaccinated against 4 HPV types.

Human Papillomavirus Vaccines: An Updated Review

“…Quadrivalent Gardasil shows excellent efficacy against cervical HPV infection, cervical cancer precursor lesions, and genital warts caused by the HPV types covered by Gardasil [ 9 , 11 ]. In addition, studies demonstrated that Gardasil significantly decreases HPV infections in the anus, vulva, and penis, as well as in the oral cavity related to HPV vaccine types [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Gardasil has a strong prevention rate (>90%, injection prior to HPV exposure) against CIN 2 or worse (CIN 2+), CIN 3+ and vulvar/vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (VIN/VaIN 2+), caused by HPV 16 and 18 [ 6 , 41 ].…”

“…The most common HPV types found in anal carcinoma are HPV16, 18, 31, 33, and 45, which are all covered by the current Gardasil 9 vaccine [ 85 , 86 ]. Some studies have suggested that HPV vaccination could protect against the progression of oral cancers, as oral HPV infection can be effectively inhibited by HPV vaccines [ 10 , 12 , 13 ]. However, this issue has not been fully addressed owing to the lack of alignment between vaccine availability and the changes in cancer development over time [ 87 , 88 ].…”

“…Furthermore, it displayed equal efficacy as Gardasil to prevent diseases caused by HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 [ 44 ]. HPV vaccines also showed strong efficacy against oral HPV infections in a few studies, but whether HPV vaccination can inhibit the progress of HPV related oropharyngeal cancers has not yet been evaluated [ 10 , 12 , 13 ]. More clinical trials are needed to investigate the effect of HPV vaccine programs in inhibiting HPV associated oral, penile, anal, and vulvar diseases.…”

“…Depending on the oncogenic potential, various mucosal HPV types are categorized as either high-risk HPV/oncogenic HPV types, which can be potentially carcinogenic, e.g., HPV16, 18, 31, and 33, or low-risk HPV/non-oncogenic HPV types, which are mostly found in warts, e.g., HPV6 and 11 [ 7 , 8 ]. Fortunately, three HPV vaccines were introduced against up to nine HPV types, showing strong protection against cervical infections caused by these HPV types as well as condylomas and some HPV-related cancers [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. There are great reviews on HPV infections and their relation to different cancers, including oropharyngeal, vaginal, vulvar, penile, and anal cancers [ 1 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”

High‐Risk Human Papillomavirus–Related Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Among Non‐Indigenous and Indigenous Populations: A Systematic Review

“…Data were abstracted from each study and a meta-analysis performed to calculate the prevalence of oral hr-HPV infection, the incidence of OPSCC, and the proportion of hr-HPV–related OPSCC among Indigenous and/or non-Indigenous populations. A random effects meta-analysis model was used to generate 3 pooled summary estimates and forest plots from 47 studies: 14 for oral hr-HPV infection in Indigenous/general population, 13,22-34 6 for OPSCC among Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations, 16,35-39 and 27 for hr-HPV–related OPSCC. 6,7,40-64 These were then combined into a single summary estimate to enable greater precision.…”