Risk of ovulation during lactation

Gray, Ronald H.; Campbell, Oona M. R.; Apelo, R; Eslami, Susan S.; Zacur, Howard A.; Ramos, Rebecca; Gehret, Judith C.; Labbok, Miriam H.

doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90147-w

Cited by 180 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Regardless of menstrual status, women 0-5 months postpartum who are exclusively breastfeeding are unlikely to have ovulatory cycles; for these women, ovulation returns later in the first year or once other foods are introduced [16]. Research has shown that postpartum women misunderstand the return to fecundity [18,[26][27][28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For postpartum women, family planning use alone does not accurately reflect pregnancy risk because the exact timing of a woman's return to fecundity after birth differs based on her breastfeeding practices [15,16]. Breastfeeding does offer protection against pregnancy but most effectively if the criteria for the lactational amenorrhea method, or LAM, are met; that is, if breastfeeding is practiced (1) exclusively, (2) during amenorrhea and (3) for 6 months after birth [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Missed opportunities for family planning: an analysis of pregnancy risk and contraceptive method use among postpartum women in 21 low- and middle-income countries

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectives: To analyze data from recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in 21 low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) to examine patterns of interpregnancy intervals, unmet need, pregnancy risk and family planning method use and method mix among women 0-23 months postpartum. Study design: Secondary analysis of postpartum women aged 15-49 years in 22 DHS surveys from 21 LMICs conducted between 2005 and 2012. We applied an adapted unmet need definition for postpartum women to look at prospective fertility preferences. We also constructed a new composite pregnancy risk indicator for postpartum women who have been sexually active since their last birth. Results: In 9 of 22 surveys, 50% or more of nonfirst births occur at interpregnancy intervals that are too short. Overall prospective unmet need for family planning by postpartum women has not changed demonstrably since a 2001 analysis and is universally high: 61% of all postpartum women across the 21 countries have an unmet need for family planning. In 10 of 22 surveys, pregnancy risk rises steadily throughout the 2 years after birth. In the remaining 12 surveys, the risk of pregnancy peaks at 6-11 months after birth. Even when postpartum women are using family planning, they rely overwhelmingly on short-acting methods (51-96% in 21 of 22 surveys). Conclusion: Our approach of estimating pregnancy risk by postpartum timing confirms a high probability for pregnancies to be less than optimally spaced within 2 years of a prior birth and suggests that special consideration is needed to effectively reach this population with the right messages and services. Implications: Using recent, multicountry data for women within 2 years postpartum in LMICs, this paper updates existing estimates of high prospective unmet need for family planning and presents a new composite pregnancy risk analysis based on postpartum women's actual practices to demonstrate the magnitude of missed opportunities for programmatic intervention for the postpartum population.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Missed opportunities for family planning: an analysis of pregnancy risk and contraceptive method use among postpartum women in 21 low- and middle-income countries

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In spite of enormous literatures on child mortality, it has been particularly difficult to determine the virtual importance of various diseases and conditions as causes of children's death of different age group (Ewbank & Gribble, 1993). In Africa, the data on causes of death are generally unreliable and incomplete as such events are often not wanted to be remembered let alone be documented; therefore researchers have often relied on the use of verbal autopsy in determining the probable cause of death (Garinne & Fontaine, 1986;Gray et al, 1990;Adeyemi et al, 2008). The technique relies heavily on the available clinical, demographic as well as epidemiological evidences to determine the probable cause of death and hence there may be possibility of false attribution and eminently spurious correlation (Adeyemi et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Determinants of Child Mortality in Nigeria

Godson¹,

Nnamdi²

2011

JSD

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Globally, childhood mortality rates have decline over the years due majorly to various action plans and interventions targeted at various communicable diseases and other immunizable childhood infections which have been major causes of child mortality, but the situation seems to remain unchanged in sub-Saharan African countries, as approximately half of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa despite the region having only one fifth of the world's children population. Many covariates associated with variations in infant and child mortality are interrelated, and it is important to attempt to isolate the effects of individual variables for proper and effective interventions. This study examined the environmental determinants of child mortality using principal component analysis as a data reduction technique with varimax rotation to assess the underlying structure for sixty-five measured variables, explaining the covariance relationships amongst the large correlated variables in a more parsimonious way and simultaneous multiple regression for child mortality modelling in Nigeria. For purpose of robustness, a model selection technique procedure was implemented. Estimation from the stepwise regression model shows that household environmental characteristics do have significant impact on mortality.

show abstract

“…Pour un blocage efficace de la fonction ovarienne, il a été démontré qu'une fréquence minimale de six tétées par 24 heures, régulièrement réparties sur le nycthémère, était nécessaire [3,4]. Ces données physiopathologiques sont à l'origine des recommandations de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) pour la méthode de l'allaitement maternel avec aménorrhée (Mama).…”

Section: Chez La Femme Qui Allaiteunclassified

“…En cas d'allaitement exclusif, les menstruations pouvant survenir dans les six mois suivant l'accouchement correspondent le plus souvent à des cycles anovulatoires ou dysovulatoires [3,[5][6][7]. Cependant, malgré ces données théoriquement rassurantes, 2 % des femmes pratiquant correctement cette méthode à visée contraceptive seront à nouveau enceintes six mois après leur accouchement [8,9].…”

Section: Chez La Femme Qui Allaiteunclassified