Risk of Parkinson disease after depression

Abstract

The likelihood of developing PD is greater among patients with depression than patients without depression. Depression may be an independent risk factor for PD.

Depression and subsequent risk of Parkinson disease

“…Our results are consistent with a growing body of evidence for the relationship between depression and subsequent PD, [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] and the present study contributes to this evidence with strong, prospective, long-term data. One recent study 13 reported a similar, significant association over a 10-year period, but investigations covering more than a decade of follow-up are rare Table 3 Risk of PD in relation to estimated severity and recurrence of depression, assessed by binary logistic regression and results have been inconclusive.…”

“…The relationship between depression and subsequent PD appears to be strongest in the few years preceding the onset of motor symptoms, [11][12][13] but it may exist earlier. 5,12,13 Few studies have investigated temporal perspectives of .10 years, and long-term findings have been inconclusive.…”

“…3 Many studies have reported an increased prevalence of depression in these patients before the clinical onset of PD, suggesting that psychological reactions to this disease cannot entirely explain the relationship. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Various neurobiological hypotheses have suggested that depression is an independent risk factor or early symptom of PD, or that the association between depression and PD reflects shared etiologic factors, mimicking a causal relationship. 12,15,16 An increased prevalence of mental illness among relatives of patients with PD has also been reported, 15 suggesting a shared genetic susceptibility, but such associations have not been widely investigated.…”

“…5,12,13 Few studies have investigated temporal perspectives of .10 years, and long-term findings have been inconclusive. 6,12,14 The onset of cardinal motor symptoms in PD is preceded by substantial neurodegeneration, 17,18 but the duration of the prodromal phase is unknown; estimates range from a few years to 2 or more decades.…”

Biomarkers of Parkinson's disease: recent insights, current challenges, and future prospects

“…[6][7][8][9] More frequent NMS more than 10 DaT imaging (DaTscan) is used to detect nigrostriatal degeneration; if combined with multiple factors (hyposmia, male sex, and constipation), the probability of detecting subjects with a nigrostriatal deficit increases up to 40%.…”