Risk of Unwanted Sex for College Women: Evidence for a Red Zone

Kimble, Matthew O.; Neacsiu, Andrada D.; Flack, William F.; Horner, Jessica

doi:10.3200/jach.57.3.331-338

Cited by 86 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Although college students appear to be particularly vulnerable to sexual violence (Krebs, Lindquist, Warner, Fisher, & Martin, 2007;Perkins, 1997), the majority of research on sexual violence among LGBQ individuals has focused on adults. This research has been mixed as to whether LGBQ adults are at greater risk for sexual violence as compared to their heterosexual counterparts.…”

Section: Rates Of Sexual Violence Among Lgbq and Heterosexual Collegementioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Violence and Help-Seeking Among LGBQ and Heterosexual College Students

Richardson¹,

Armstrong

Hines

et al. 2015

Partner Abuse

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This study sought to address underserved victims of sexual violence by examining reports of sexual violence, substance use, and help-seeking events among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) and heterosexual college students. There were 2,790 students (2,482 heterosexual students and 308LGBQ students) across 4 years who completed an online, anonymous survey measuring self-reports of sexual violence, substance use, and help-seeking. Chi-square analyses and Fisher's exact tests were conducted to determine differences in reports of sexual violence between LGBQ and heterosexual participants. Events reported by LGBQ students were significantly more likely to involve threatened sexual intercourse and sexual contact while intoxicated as compared to events reported by heterosexual students. Similar low rates of help-seeking following a sexual violence event were found among LGBQ and heterosexual victims, with most victims citing that the event was not serious enough to warrant help. LGBQ victims were significantly more likely to report that they did not seek help because they thought they would be blamed. Both LGBQ and heterosexual college students would benefit from education on issues of sexual violence, particularly the relationship between substance use and consent.

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Section: Rates Of Sexual Violence Among Lgbq and Heterosexual Collegementioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Violence and Help-Seeking Among LGBQ and Heterosexual College Students

Richardson¹,

Armstrong

Hines

et al. 2015

Partner Abuse

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“…Some argue that the red zone covers the first year (Schwartz, 1997), and college materials on the red zone tend to emphasize this time period specifically (Flack et al, 2008). Empirically, Kimble, Neacsiu, Flack, and Horner (2008) use a sample of 50 first-year and 52 second-year students and find a significantly higher rate of victimization for first years, and Armstrong, Hamilton, and Sweeney (2006) use a qualitative approach to come to the same conclusion.…”

Section: Introduction and Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 94%

The Relationship Between Sexual Victimization and Year in School in U.S. Colleges

Cranney

2014

J Interpers Violence

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It is the conventional wisdom among some universities that the highest risk of sexual assault is in the first or possibly second year in school. While initially belief in this pattern was primarily based on anecdote, recently some attempts have been made to more systematically and quantitatively test the existence of a “red zone,” a time of heightened risk of sexual assault sometime near the beginning of a female student's time at the college. However, most of these studies have been conducted with relatively small convenience samples from single schools and have had conflicting results. Here, I test the red zone hypothesis using self-reported sexual victimization data with a large sample (∼16,000) drawn from 22 schools as part of the Online College Social Life Survey. To investigate the specific mechanisms responsible for the red zone, I separately test for the existence of a red zone for four different types of sexual victimizations: physically forced intercourse, attempted forced intercourse, unwanted intercourse when incapacitated, and unwanted intercourse due to verbal pressure. Within these categories, I separately address sexual victimization that occurred while hanging out and sexual victimization during a party. Prior literature has emphasized the role of parties in the increased risk of assault for freshman. While I find some evidence for this in the higher estimates for sexual victimization at a party, the freshman effect remains for other types of sexual victimizations, suggesting that the red zone is not easily attributable to a single mechanistic cause, but to more generalizable factors. With one exception, I find that the red zone does not extend into the sophomore year.

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“…The incidence of sexual assault is estimated to be between 20% and 25% over a period of 4 years and to be highest during the first 2 years. 3,4 Being sexually assaulted can result in post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, alcohol use, and decreased safer-sex practices, among other negative health outcomes. 5 In addition to the specific health consequences for the woman, 6 the social and financial costs to society are also high.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%