“…Measures used to model risk in the Markov decision process (MDP) include variance [24,28,41], exponential utility functions [6,8,18,19,21,22,26,30,31], downside risk constraints [2,13,25,44,45], value at risk [7] and HARA utility functions [35]. Markowitz pioneered the popular use of variance in portfolio models: maximize E( ) Var( ) Revenues…”