Risk to sustainability of pest management tools in peanut

Abstract

A diversity of pests can adversely affect peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield, quality, and financial return. Farmers rely heavily on applied chemicals to suppress many of the economically important pests present in peanut. The effectiveness of this approach to pest management may not be sustainable, however, due to evolved resistance in pests to chemicals, reluctance of basic chemical manufacturers to invest in product development because of the relatively small market for peanut compared with other crops, cost to initially register or re‐register chemicals, and the desire for peanut buyers and processors to capture international markets that may have varying agrochemical residue restrictions for peanut. Heavy reliance on chemical control could leave peanut production systems vulnerable to yield loss; thus, a more concerted research effort is needed to increase the number and availability of nonchemical tools that protect peanut from pests in order to ensure long‐term sustainability of peanut production systems.

"Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Response to Fungicides and Herbicides Applied using Different Spray Nozzles"

“…In this experiment, only two rows out of four were treated with fungicide. Presence of evolved resistance to the quinone outside inhibiting (QOL) fungicides at these locations also contributed to high levels of defoliation [1,2,16]. Azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin are expected to be essentially ineffective in protecting peanut from epidemics of late leaf spot at this location.…”

“…Curtis) U. Braun, C. Nakash, Videira & Crous] and southern stem rot (caused by Athelia rolfsii Sacc.) are important diseases that can reduce yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in North Carolina [1,2]. Fungicides are routinely applied beginning at the R-3 stage of peanut development [3] and continuing on a 14-day schedule through September to protect peanut from these diseases [2].…”

“…Fungicides are routinely applied beginning at the R-3 stage of peanut development [3] and continuing on a 14-day schedule through September to protect peanut from these diseases [2]. Adequate weed control is also important in optimizing peanut yield in many fields, and herbicides often the most effective management tool for weed control [1].…”

Suppression of Leaf Spot Disease in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) with Chlorothalonil, Copper Salts of Fatty Acid Rosins, and Microionized Sulfur

“…Nakash., Videira & Crous] and southern stem rot disease (caused by Athelia rolfsii Sacc.) can reduce peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield if control measures are not implemented in a timely manner and sustained through the period of time when epidemics of these diseases often occur [1,2]. During this period of time, beginning at the R-3 stage of peanut development [3], fungicides are often applied on 14-day intervals to prevent canopy defoliation and minimize infection and damage to stems and pods to avoid yield loss.…”

“…During this period of time, beginning at the R-3 stage of peanut development [3], fungicides are often applied on 14-day intervals to prevent canopy defoliation and minimize infection and damage to stems and pods to avoid yield loss. Crop rotation sequence, cultivars expressing resistance to disease, and planting date also affect the risk of late leaf spot and southern stem rot in peanut [1,2].…”