Risk Treatment and System Recovery Analysis of Gas System of Gas and Electricity Network of Latvia

Abstract

The Latvian natural gas system is interconnected with transmission networks located in Lithuania, Estonia and Russia. Natural gas commercial metering is provided by GMS “Karksi” (Estonia) and by GMS “Kiemenai” (Lithuania). Natural gas is supplied to all larger urban areas in Latvia. Natural gas is supplied to Latvia along the Latvian–Russian pipeline only during the warm period of the year (April–September), and it is accumulated in the underground gas storage facility in Incukalns. During winter, gas from the underground facility is delivered to Latvian customers, as well as transmitted to Estonia and back to Russia. There is also a connection to Lithuania. Out of the gas supply disruption risks that are assessed at different levels, the essential one with a trans-border impact potential consists in the insufficient technical capacity of Incukalns UGS. Given the current technical possibilities, IUGS cannot pass the gas volume required for the Baltic States to compensate the gas supply deficit. The paper performs system recovery analysis after selected critical events. The paper provides a report describing the steps to be followed in order to restore the gas transmission system to normal operation after selected critical events. A very significant region of the power system of Latvia is the central part of Latvia and Riga region, where both of Riga CHPs, as well as Riga HPP, is located. The restoration time of the gas system of Latvia depends on the gravity of the situation and damage in the gas system and may range from several hours to several days.

Potential of the Middle Cambrian Aquifer for Carbon Dioxide Storage in the Baltic States

“…In Latvia, only the structures of Inčukalns and Dobele have been historically studied in greater detail due to their known potential as natural gas reservoirs. While the Inčukalns reservoir was established for practical use in 1968, the Dobele anticline structure was identified in 1969 during regional research [42,43,70]. The high potential of Latvian geological structures for underground gas storage has already been used in the Inčukalns underground gas storage.…”

“…In Latvia, the piping system for CO 2 transportation can be constructed alongside the already existing natural gas pipeline [87]. Possibilities and conditions for CO 2 storage in the Dobele structure are favourable as the existing natural gas pipelines are located less than 10 km to the north and east of the structure [43,70]. The cost of employing a full CCS system from the emission sources to storage sites will be dominated by the cost of carbon capture.…”

Natural Gas Metering and its Accuracy in the Smart Gas Supply Systems

“…• efficient and quick identification of the natural gas leaks or other technical problems in the gas pipelines [18] [20]; • installation of the smart metering system at gas metering checkpoints.…”

The Human Comfort Level in an Energy-Saving Simulation Model of Office Building

“…This can be achieved through the using of innovative solutions that are technically feasible, economically justified, and acceptable from an environmental and social point of view as well. The same time such solutions should not change the usual way of human lives [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10].…”

“…By heat transferring intensifications, increased amount of the heat, transferred through the unit of heat exchange surface, and achieving more favorable ratio between the transferred amount of heat and the pumped fluid power [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”