Risks and Safety Measures Associated with the Storage and Transport of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

Abstract

In recent years, there has been an exponential increase in LNG liquefaction and regasification capacity of many countries. The factors underlying this growth are the use of LNG to produce electricity, a reduction in costs due to technological advances and the current environmental concerns. In Italy, natural gas is transported into pipelines and LNG mainly by road, starting from coastal storage facilities, or from docks. But together with the development of these activities there is also a need to assess and counter the related risks. The handling of tanks offers dispersion scenarios connected to collision or impact, or to leaks during LNG transfer operations. So, there may be a need for emergency LNG transferring, managing the risks of the scenario. Some emergency procedures and safety measures for LNG storage and transport have been studied by the Italian Firefighters. This work offers a brief overview of the risks and safety measures associated with LNG storage and road transport in Italy and Europe.

Liquefied Natural Gas Logistics Management Through Optimal Road-Rail Intermodal Logistics Planning Considering Community Safety

“…Thus, a mathematical formulation and the complex solution approach are not required. Examples of analysis studies include the following authors' works: Baalisampang et al (2019), Breuer et al (2022, Buyanova and Mudrova (2019), Hariraj and Ramanath (2016), Hart and Morrison (2015), Jianhua and Zhenghua (2012), Kanda (2006), Palestini and Sassu (2021), Rayed et al (2023), Songbandid (2016), Vasilevich et al (2016), andVithal et al (2021).…”

“…The single objective involves only one objective function, whereas the multiobjective involves more than one objective function. LNG transportation studies dealing with the single objective include the following authors' works: Andersson et al (2015), Baalisampang et al (2019), Bittante et al (2018), Buyanova and Mudrova (2019), Jianhua and Zhenghua (2012), Kanda (2006), Hariraj and Ramanath (2015), Hart and Morrison (2015), Palestini & Sassu (2021), Raharjo and Sudibandriyo (2019), Sangaiah et al (2020), Songbandid (2016), Utku and Soyöz (2020), Vasilevich et al (2016), andVithal et al (2021). The multiobjective problem is more complex than the single-objective problem as the weights of the objectives must be optimally determined.…”

“…Single transportation implies the use of only one mode in transportation (Andersson et al, 2015;Atmayudha et al, 2021;Bittante et al, 2018;Budiyanto et al, 2020;Jianhua & Zhenghua, 2012;Kanda, 2006;Raharjo & Sudibandriyo, 2019;Sangaiah et al, 2020;Zhao et al, 2022). Intermodal transportation employs various transportation modes, serviced by different carriers under multicontracts (Breuer et al, 2022;Buyanova & Mudrova, 2019;Hariraj & Ramanath, 2016;Hart & Morrison, 2015;Palestini & Sassu, 2021;Paulauskas et al, 2022;Rayed et al, 2023;Songbandid, 2016;Utku & Soyöz, 2020;Vasilevich et al, 2016). Instead, various transportation modes serviced by single carrier under one contract are referred to as multimodal transportation.…”

“…Some studies considered community safety as a constraint by using various criteria, such as accident probability rate (Hariraj & Ramanath, 2016;Hart & Morrison, 2015;Kanda, 2006;Rayed et al, 2023;Songbandid, 2016), dispersion area (Baalisampang et al, 2019), and damage radius (Jianhua & Zhenghua, 2012;Palestini & Sassu, 2021;Vithal et al, 2021). Accident probability rate measures the accidents that may occur during transportation, but not in a specific area.…”

“…Thus, the damage radius criterion is the most suitable among the three criteria to address safety around DCs, since society has been a very important issue, so far. Noticeably, some studies did not consider community safety, probably because they considered LNG is less hazardous than fuel oil and LPG (Andersson et al, 2015;Atmayudha et al, 2021;Bittante et al, 2018;Breuer et al, 2022;Budiyanto et al, 2020;Buyanova & Mudrova, 2019;Palestini & Sassu, 2021;Paulauskas et al, 2022;Raharjo & Sudibandriyo, 2019;Sangaiah et al, 2020;Utku & Soyöz, 2020;Vasilevich et al, 2016;Zhao et al, 2022).…”