Risky business: safety regulations, risk compensation, and individual behavior

Hedlund, James

doi:10.1136/ip.6.2.82

Cited by 246 publications

(198 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…While an increased number of trains should increase the chance of a collision with a pedestrian, the higher train volume may encourage pedestrians to take more care. This would be consistent with the general theory of risk compensation (Hedlund, 2000) and with interviews of crossing users in Northeastern Illinois (Metaxatos and Sriraj, 2013).…”

Section: Effect Of the Volume And Nature Of The Rail Servicesupporting

confidence: 83%

Analysis of fatal train-pedestrian collisions in metropolitan Chicago 2004–2012

Savage

2016

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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The paper analyzes spatial and temporal data on fatal train-pedestrian collisions in the Chicago metropolitan area between 2004 and 2012. In comparing different municipalities within the region, the density of grade crossings and stations is found to increase the frequency of unintentional deaths. However, unintentional deaths do not increase with train volume suggesting that pedestrians may exercise more care around busier lines. The distribution of apparent intentional deaths is less strongly related to the density of crossings and stations suggesting that those intending self-harm will seek out a point of access. Apparent intentional deaths are more prevalent on lines with frequent passenger trains, and in municipalities with higher incomes and lower population densities. While most of the apparent intentional deaths (about 70%) are not associated with any copycat activities, the dataset contains possible clusters of intentional deaths that are proximate in both time and space. There was also a highlypublicized suicide that led to a 95% increase in apparent intentional deaths throughout the region in the 18 weeks following the incident.

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Section: Effect Of the Volume And Nature Of The Rail Servicesupporting

confidence: 83%

Analysis of fatal train-pedestrian collisions in metropolitan Chicago 2004–2012

Savage

2016

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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“…This sort of "risk compensation" 72 could result in an increase in other hpv genotypes not targeted by vaccination 60 and in other sexually transmitted infections. This concern is shared by many parents and health officials, but fortunately, studies from the United States and the United Kingdom focussing on this topic have not found any association between hpv vaccination and increased risky sexual behaviourfor example, a higher number of sexual partners or lesser condom use 73,74 .…”

Section: Summary and Other Issues To Considermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Road Ahead for Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control

et al. 2014

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Since the early 1950s, Papanicolaou (“Pap”) cytology screening has dramatically reduced cervical cancer mortality in most high-income settings. Currently, human papillomavirus (hpv) vaccination has the greatest potential to reduce the global burden of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. However, as the prevalence of precancerous lesions declines, maintaining cytology as the primary screening test in settings with established programs might become less efficient. A reduction in test performance (sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value) would lead to an increase in unnecessary colposcopy referrals. Fortunately, hpv dna testing has emerged as a suitable candidate to replace cytology. Compared with the Pap test, hpv testing is less specific but much more sensitive in detecting high-grade precancerous lesions, less prone to human error, and more reproducible across settings. Linkage of hpv vaccination and screening registries could serve the added role of monitoring vaccine efficacy. As a triage test, cytology is expected to perform with sufficient accuracy because most hpv-positive smears would contain relevant abnormalities. This approach and others—for example, hpv testing followed by genotyping—are being evaluated in large population studies and have already been recommended in some settings. Other specific biomarkers that might perform well for screening and triage include hpv E6/ E7 messenger rna testing, methylation of host or viral genes, and p16INK4a staining. Considering the rapid pace of major discoveries and the anticipated arrival of a nonavalent hpv vaccine (currently in phase iii trials), the evidence base in this field has become an elusive target and will continue to be an obstacle for policymakers.

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“…Driving speed has traditionally been a prime measure of BA with clear effects on road safety (Elvik, 2013). An increase of speed reduces a driver's time to respond in case of an emergency scenario, increases the probability of being involved in a crash, affects the driver's severity of injury if a crash occurs, and often forgotten, increases the severity of injury of (vulnerable) road users that are hit by the driver (Aarts & Van Schagen, 2006;Elvik, Christensen, & Amundsen, 2004;Hedlund, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does haptic steering guidance instigate speeding? A driving simulator study into causes and remedies

Melman

Winter

Abbink

2017

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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C o v e r i ma g e a d o p t e d f r o m: F o t o k e r e n ( 2 0 1 5 , No v e mb e r ) . Ni g h t h i g h s p e e d c a r f u n [ Di g i t a l i ma g e ] . Re t r i e v e dMa y 2 3 , 2 0 1 6 , f r o m h t t p : / / f o t o k e r e n . n e t / n i g h t -h i g h -s p e e d -c a r -f u n / Driving a car has become a major part of our life. To assist drivers during this task new Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are developed to increase safety and comfort. In reality, however, these safety benefits are often diminished because of adaptations by the driver, such as adopting a higher speed or driving closer to the vehicle in front. In current literature, I found many theories trying to explain why people adapt, but few studies investigating ways to prevent these negative adaptations from occurring (entire literature study is available at http://repository.tudelft.nl/ for more detail). In this MSc. thesis I took the first step from explaining towards preventing behavioral adaptation, with the aim to make novel ADAS more effective in terms of safety.This thesis report is part of the fulfillment for the Master degree of Biomechanical Design at the Delft University of Technology. The driving simulator code, Matlab code used for the data analysis, and statistical analyses have been submitted to the BioMechanical Engineering depository on a USB stick, which is available on request. T. Melman Delft, May 2016iii Acknowledgments First, I would like to thank both my supervisors David Abbink and Joost de Winter for their enthusiasm and support during my MSc. thesis. David always knew how to motivate me, and was there to oversee the bigger picture, whereas Joost, with his keen eye for details, assisted me with tremendous devotion, especially during the last couple of weeks in order to send my thesis to a journal before my graduation. Although we had many memorable discussions, one moment in particular deserves to be mentioned in this acknowledgment; at Sunday evening prior to my experiment, I had some serious concerns. That very same evening, both helped me out, and took these concerns away. Despite the late hour, both were available to help me when I needed them the most. Abstract-An important issue in road traffic safety is that drivers show adverse behavioral adaptation (BA) to driver assistance systems. Haptic steering guidance is an upcoming assistance system which facilitates lane-keeping performance while keeping drivers in the loop, and which may be particularly prone to BA. Thus far, most experiments on haptic steering guidance have measured driver performance while the vehicle speed was kept constant, and so the degree of BA could not be established. The aim of the present driving simulator study was to examine whether haptic steering guidance causes BA in the form of speeding, and to evaluate two types of haptic steering guidance designed not to suffer from BA. Twenty-four participants drove a 1.8 m wide car for 13.9 km on a curved road, with cones demarcating a single 2.2 m narrow lane. Participants comple...

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Risky business: safety regulations, risk compensation, and individual behavior

Cited by 246 publications

References 70 publications

Analysis of fatal train-pedestrian collisions in metropolitan Chicago 2004–2012

Analysis of fatal train-pedestrian collisions in metropolitan Chicago 2004–2012

The Road Ahead for Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control

Does haptic steering guidance instigate speeding? A driving simulator study into causes and remedies

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