Risque d’imprégnation par le plomb lors d’usage quotidien de khôl

Kervégant, Morgane; Glaizal, Mathieu; Tichadou, Lucia; Hayek-Lanthois, Maryvonne; Haro, Luc de

doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2011.07.006

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Potential environmental factors to investigate in future studies include exposure to culturally specific sources of air pollution, such as incense burning or shisha smoking in the home, or other toxins imported from the country of origin, as occurred with the importation of cosmetics such as Kohl, a product that contained high levels of heavy metals [32–34]. Diet also is an important cultural factor that differs by ethnic group and would persist following migration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explaining ethnic disparities in lung function among young adults: A pilot investigation

et al. 2017

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explaining ethnic disparities in lung function among young adults: A pilot investigation

et al. 2017

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“…The comparison of all samples shows that the main constituent of kohl is lead (Pb), which is toxic and may cause chronic health issues such as developmental disorders, cancer, and brittle hair and also replaces calcium (Ca) in teeth and bones making them fragile and weak. 28,29 Whereas, some other heavy metals like iron and zinc are useful, their excessive use may harm. 23 The emission lines of hazardous element chromium are detected only in commercially available kohl samples (K2, K3, K4, and K5) as shown in Figs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic-Field-Confined Laser Induced Kohl Plasma: Elemental Analysis and Plasma Characterization

et al. 2023

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In this study, the laser-induced kohl plasma is produced in the vicinity of the transverse magnetic field (B) of 0.8 Tesla. The Q-switched Nd: YAG laser (, λ = 1064 nm, E = 100 mJ, τl = 8 ns) is focused to produce the kohl plasma with and without a B-field, and the plasma emissions are recorded using a LIBS spectrometer. The comparison of the emission spectra shows that most of the emission line intensities are reduced due to the field. However, except for a few lines which are enhanced up to 3 times. However, the Plasma Parameters such as electron temperature (Te), electron number density (Ne), and plasma frequency (ʋp) have been increased. Furthermore, thermal beta (βt) is also estimated analytically, and its value is smaller than one (β < 1) for all samples, which confirmed the evidence of magnetic confinement effects. According to the analysis of the kohl emission spectrum, several elements are detected (Pb, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cr, Zn), among which lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) may cause chronic health effects like contact dermatitis and neurological diseases. A calibration-free LIBS (CF-LIBS) method is used for the quantitative elemental analysis of the detected elements, which yields Pb as 15-74% and Cr as 3%, which exceed the permissible limit for kohl.

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“…Between 1970 and 2000, a few other studies focusing on the toxic effect of kohl were carried out in the USA and UK [ 34 , 35 ]. Studies analyzing the presence and effects of kohl in other European countries are scarce [ 36 , 37 , 38 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic Elements in Traditional Kohl-Based Eye Cosmetics in Spanish and German Markets

Navarro-Tapia

Serra-Delgado

Fernandez-Lopez

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Kohl is a traditional cosmetic widely used in Asia and Africa. In recent years, demand for kohl-based eyelids and lipsticks has increased in Europe, linked to migratory phenomena of populations from these continents. Although the European legislation prohibits the use of heavy metals in cosmetics due to the harmful effects to human health, particularly to pregnant women and children, these elements are still present in certain products. The European Union recommended levels are Pb < 20 ppm, As < 5 ppm, Cd < 5 ppm, Sb < 100 ppm, and Ni < 200 ppm. In Germany, levels are more restrictive: Pb < 2 ppm, As < 0.5 ppm, Cd < 0.1 ppm, Sb < 0.5 ppm, and Ni < 10 ppm. Here, we analyzed 12 kohl-based cosmetics in different presentations (powder, paste, and pencil) that were purchased in Spanish and German local shops. An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer was used to identify toxic elements and heavy metals. Levels of Pb ranged between 1.7 and 410,000 ppm in six of the study samples, four of which had levels above the recommended limit of at least two heavy metals. Arsenic (a carcinogenic element) values were within the range allowed by the EU in only 58% of the studied samples. Moreover, two products doubled this limit, reaching levels of 9.2 and 12.6 ppm. In one of the products, cadmium, related to toxic keratitis, was four times higher (20.7 ppm) than that allowed, while in two other products, these limits were doubled (11.8 and 12.7 ppm). Our results indicate the need to supervise the manufacture of kohl-based traditional products and the analysis of their composition prior distribution in European countries.

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Risque d’imprégnation par le plomb lors d’usage quotidien de khôl

Cited by 8 publications

References 5 publications

Explaining ethnic disparities in lung function among young adults: A pilot investigation

Explaining ethnic disparities in lung function among young adults: A pilot investigation

Magnetic-Field-Confined Laser Induced Kohl Plasma: Elemental Analysis and Plasma Characterization

Toxic Elements in Traditional Kohl-Based Eye Cosmetics in Spanish and German Markets

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