“…By approximately 50 BCE, settlement expanded south into the largely unoccupied lower Illinois river valley, as evidenced by the bluff-top mound groups that were constructed in a generally north to south chronological trend over several hundred years (Buikstra and Charles, 1999;Ruby et al, 2005;King et al, 2011;Herrmann et al, 2014;Farnsworth and Atwell, 2015, p. 199). In addition to burial ceremonialism, the mound groups were centers of feasting, exchange, and social interaction for communities who periodically gathered at these sites (Struever and Houart, 1972;Buikstra and Charles, 1999;Henry et al, 2021;Weiland et al, 2023). In the Illinois valley, ceremonial gatherings at the mound groups were integral to the formation and maintenance of communities where bluff-top mound groups generally served smaller communities than floodplain mound centers (e.g., Ruby et al, 2005, p. 136).…”