River terrace formation, modelling, and 3‐D graphical simulation

Veldkamp, A.; Vermeulen, Simon

doi:10.1002/esp.3290140618

Cited by 23 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Tectonic uplift has been critical in enabling the incision, without which terraces could not have formed (e.g. Veldkamp and Vermeulen, 1989;Bridgland, 2000). The uplift of the Qilian Shan, the northeastern boundary of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (Meyer et al, 1998;Mulch and Chamberlain, 2006), can be interpreted as the isostatic consequence of surface processes, e.g.…”

Section: Tectonic Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The interpretation of the calculated incision rates as being uplift-driven is consistent with recent interpretation of fluvial terrace development. Simulation models of terrace formation (Veldkamp and Vermeulen, 1989;Veldkamp and van Dijke, 2000) have tended to confirm the requirement for uplift if large terrace flights are to form and be preserved. However, the incision rate of the Yezhigou River (0·25 m ka −1 ), southern piedmont of the Maomao Shan, is higher than the other rivers of the study regions.…”

Section: Tectonic Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dating of erosion surface and terraces in the eastern Qilian Shan, northwest China

Pan

Gao

et al. 2006

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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The actively deformed foreland of eastern Qilian Shan (mountains) contains well-preserved geomorphic features such as erosion surfaces, river terraces and tectonically uplifted alluvial fans, providing suitable archives for research on regional tectonic activities and palaeoclimatic changes. These geomorphic surfaces are well dated by using a combination of magnetostratigraphy, electron spin resonance, thermoluminescence, infra-red stimulated luminescence, radiocarbon dating, and correlation with the well-established loess-palaeosol sequences of China. Our results show that the erosion surface formed about 1·4 Ma ago, and the age of river terraces is 1·24 Ma

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Section: Tectonic Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tectonic Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dating of erosion surface and terraces in the eastern Qilian Shan, northwest China

Pan

Gao

et al. 2006

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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“…Although regional tectonic uplift is generally considered to be the primary cause of fluvial incision by Late Neogene rivers (Merritts & Vincent, 1989;Veldkamp & Vermeulen, 1989;Marple & Talwani, 1993;Veldkamp & Van Den Berg, 1993;Hamblin, 1994;Kuzucuoglu, 1995;Maddy, 1997;Pazzaglia, Gardner & Merritts, 1998;Maddy, Bridgland & Green, 2000;Cheng et al 2002), and rates of incision by streams in mountainous regions affected by rapid uplift are several orders of magnitude faster than that by streams in sediment basins (Jones, Frostick & Astin, 1999;Ward & Carter, 1999;Humphrey & Konrad, 2000), the exceptionally high incision rate in the lava dam reach of the Sanggan River cannot be attributed to tectonic movement, for the following reasons. Firstly, fluvial incision in the Sanggan River proceeded under a Figure 9.…”

Section: B Rates and Controls Of Fluvial Incisionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiating Pleistocene tectonically driven and climate-related fluvial incision: the Sanggan River, Datong Basin, North China

Shaoping

Yang

et al. 2006

Geol. Mag.

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The Sanggan River is an alluvial river flowing through a graben basin system of the northern Shanxi Rift Zone, North China. During Pleistocene times, the river reach in the Datong Basin was affected successively by various external variables, such as invasion by basaltic flow, along-valley faulting and climatic change. Therefore, it provides excellent constraints for differentiating tectonically driven and climate-related fluvial incision in the context of tectonic subsidence. Based on equilibrium profile analysis, K–Ar dating of basalts (0.74–0.41 Ma), studies of the river terrace and of stream action history, we present a conceptual model for differentiating fault-driven and climate-related fluvial incision by the river. The results show that fluvial incision induced by tectonic lowering of the base-level due to along-valley movement on the Sanggan River fault is equal to fault displacement. The amount of post-basalt fluvial incision of the reach upstream from the lava dam is 23 to 25 m, of which the fault-driven and climate-related incisions are 15 m and 8 to 10 m, respectively, the former predominating over the latter. The total amount of incision in the lava dam reach is 40 to 47 m, of which the fault-driven and climate-related incisions are 10 m and 30–37 m, respectively; here the latter is predominant over the former. Since 0.41 ± 0.10 Ma, the rate of fluvial incision of the lava dam reach of the river has reached 98–115 m/Ma, which is 1.5–2 times as great as those of the reaches upstream and downstream from the lava dam. The higher rate of fluvial incision can be attributed to high water levels supplied by the onset and maintenance of backwater conditions in the reach upstream from the lava dam, due to the long period of warm and humid climate in this region. Plucking, abrasion and knickpoint migration appear to be the primary erosional processes in the lava dam reach.

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“…Numerical models have been developed to investigate the evolution of fluvial terraces in response to variable Q w and Q s,in (Boll et al, 1988;Veldkamp and Vermeulen, 1989;Veldkamp and Van Dijke, 1998), and model results have been compared to different terrace sequences in Europe (Meuse River: Bogaart and van Balen, 2000;Tebbens et al, 2000;Maas River: Veldkamp and Van Dijke, 2000;Allier River: Veldkamp, 1992, Veldkamp andVan Dijke, 1998). Similarities between modeled terraces and field observations support the conclusion that terraces can form in response to variable Q w and/or Q s,in .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Alluvial channel response to environmental perturbations: Fill-terrace formation and sediment-signal disruption

Tofelde¹,

Savi²,

Wickert³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. The sensitivity of fluvial fill terraces to tectonic and climatic boundary conditions make them potentially useful archives of past climatic and tectonic conditions. However, we currently lack a systematic understanding of the impacts of base-level, water discharge, and sediment discharge changes on terrace formation and associated sediment storage and release. This knowledge gap precludes a quantitative inversion of past environmental changes from terraces. Here we use a set of seven physical experiments to explore terrace formation and sediment export from a braided channel system that is perturbed by changes in upstream water discharge and sediment supply, or downstream base-level fall. Each perturbation differently affects (1) the geometry of terraces and channels, (2) the timing of terrace formation, and (3) the transient response of sediment discharge. In general, an increase in water discharge leads to near-instantaneous channel incision across the entire fluvial system and consequent local terrace cutting, preservation of the initial channel profile on terrace surfaces, and a transient increase in sediment export from the system that eventually returns to its pre-perturbation rate. In contrast, changes in the upstream sediment supply rate may result in longer lag-times before terrace cutting, leading to a less well-preserved pre-perturbation channel profile, and may also produce a gradual change in sediment output towards a new steady-state value. Finally, downstream base-level fall triggers the upstream migration of a knickzone, forming terraces with upstream-decreasing ages. The gradient of terraces triggered by base-level fall mimicks that of the newly-adjusted active channel, whereas gradients of terraces triggered by variability in upstream sediment or water discharge are steeper compared to the new equilibrium channel. Our findings provide guidelines for distinguishing between different types of perturbations when interpreting fill terraces and sediment export from fluvial systems.

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River terrace formation, modelling, and 3‐D graphical simulation

Cited by 23 publications

References 6 publications

Dating of erosion surface and terraces in the eastern Qilian Shan, northwest China

Dating of erosion surface and terraces in the eastern Qilian Shan, northwest China

Differentiating Pleistocene tectonically driven and climate-related fluvial incision: the Sanggan River, Datong Basin, North China

Alluvial channel response to environmental perturbations: Fill-terrace formation and sediment-signal disruption

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