Riverine salmonid egg burial depths: review of published data and implications for scour studies

DeVries, Paul

doi:10.1139/cjfas-54-8-1685

Cited by 97 publications

(111 citation statements)

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“…For example, some researchers have argued that freshwater conditions strongly constrain salmonid productivity because stream flooding during incubation increases mortality through streambed scour and fill, and fine sediment deposition (Seegrist and Gard 1972;Lisle and Lewis 1992;DeVries 1997). For example, some researchers have argued that freshwater conditions strongly constrain salmonid productivity because stream flooding during incubation increases mortality through streambed scour and fill, and fine sediment deposition (Seegrist and Gard 1972;Lisle and Lewis 1992;DeVries 1997).…”

Section: Please Scroll Down For Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Peak flows can have a direct negative effect on the earliest freshwater life stages by mobilizing the streambed to the depth of the egg pocket and removing or crushing the eggs (Holtby and Healey 1986;Montgomery et al 1996;DeVries 1997). Peak flows can have a direct negative effect on the earliest freshwater life stages by mobilizing the streambed to the depth of the egg pocket and removing or crushing the eggs (Holtby and Healey 1986;Montgomery et al 1996;DeVries 1997).…”

Section: Effects Of Environmental Conditions On Survivalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Environmental Conditions during Stream, Estuary, and Ocean Residency on Chinook Salmon Return Rates in the Skagit River, Washington

et al. 2005

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We predicted 22 years of return rates for wild Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha as a function of environmental conditions experienced during residency in freshwater, tidal delta, bay, and ocean habitats as well as as an indicator of density dependence (based on egg production) across life stages. The best predictors of return rate included the magnitude of floods experienced during incubation, a principal components factor describing environmental conditions during bay residency, a similar factor describing conditions experienced during the third ocean year, and an estimate of egg production. Our models explained up to 90% of the variation in return rate and had a very high forecasting precision, yet environmental conditions experienced during ocean residency explained only 5% of the variation. Our results suggest that returns of wild Chinook salmon can be predicted with high precision by incorporating habitat residency and that freshwater and nearshore environmental conditions strongly influence the survival of Skagit River Chinook

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Section: Please Scroll Down For Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Environmental Conditions On Survivalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Environmental Conditions during Stream, Estuary, and Ocean Residency on Chinook Salmon Return Rates in the Skagit River, Washington

et al. 2005

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“… Egg burial depths for critical scour (bottom of the egg pocket) were modified from values reported by DeVries (), on the basis of phenology and fish size specific to species in the Middle Fork of the Salmon River.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential effects of climate change on streambed scour and risks to salmonid survival in snow‐dominated mountain basins

Goode

Buffington

Tonina

et al. 2013

Hydrological Processes

109

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Abstract:Snowmelt-dominated basins in northern latitudes provide critical habitat for salmonids. As such, these systems may be especially vulnerable to climate change because of potential shifts in the frequency, magnitude, and timing of flows that can scour incubating embryos. A general framework is presented to examine this issue, using a series of physical models that link climate change, streamflow, and channel morphology to predict the magnitude and spatial distribution of streambed scour and consequent risk to salmonid embryos at basin scales. The approach is demonstrated for a mountain catchment in the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Results show that risk of critical scour varies as a function of species and life history and is modulated by local variations in lithology and channel confinement. Embryos of smaller-bodied fall spawners may be at greater risk because of shallow egg burial depths and increased rain-on-snow events during their incubation period. Scour risk for all species is reduced when changes in channel morphology (width, depth, and grain size) keep pace with climate-driven changes in streamflow. Although climate change is predicted to increase scour magnitude, the frequency of scouring events relative to typical salmonid life cycles is relatively low, indicating that individual year classes may be impacted by critical scour, but extirpation of entire populations is not expected. Furthermore, refugia are predicted to occur in unconfined portions of the stream network, where scouring shear stresses are limited to bankfull stage because overbank flows spread across alluvial floodplains; conversely, confined valleys will likely exacerbate climate-driven changes in flow and scour. Our approach can be used to prioritize management strategies according to relative risk to different species or spatial distributions of risk and can be used to predict temporal shifts in the spatial distribution of suitable spawning habitats. A critical unknown issue is whether biological adaptation can keep pace with rates of climate change and channel response.

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“…First, we cannot exclude the possibility that the original sockeye salmon populations (Quinn et al 1995) exhibit traits at the embryo, larval, or maternal stage that act in concert with variation in egg size to effect the positive egg size -gravel size correlation. For example, the depth at which mothers bury their embryos may vary with spawning substrate (e.g., Kondolf and Wolman 1993), but we buried embryos at a depth of 23 cm at all levels of gravel size, which is the average burial depth of Atlantic salmon embryos (Devries 1997). Burial depth may correlate negatively with dissolved oxygen levels (e.g., Ingendahl 2001; Malcolm et al 2004; but see Peterson and Quinn 1996) and given that large larvae have a higher per-capita oxygen consumption (Rombough 2007), mothers may do well to spawn small eggs in shallow nests when gravel size is small and flow is limited.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why does egg size of salmonids increase with the mean size of population spawning gravels?

RollinsonNjal

Hutchings

2011

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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Population mean egg size of salmonids increases with the mean size of gravels in which a population spawns. A long-standing hypothesis is that large larvae cannot navigate small-gravel interstices, so mothers must decrease per-offspring investment when spawning gravels are small. We manipulated the size of incubation gravels and egg size of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to test whether size-related entombment of larvae occurs. We find little evidence of size-related entombment, but we find evidence that gravel size does not affect all larval sizes equally. Larger larvae emerge from small gravels before development is complete and with a visible yolk sac, possibly due to oxygen limitation in small gravels. Smaller larvae always complete development in the gravel and emerge without a yolk sac. Although growth and survival may increase with juvenile size following yolk-sac absorption, juveniles with yolk sacs may fare worse when depredation rates are high. The egg size -gravel size correlation may therefore reflect increased postemergence mortality among larger offspring in smallgravel environments. Alternatively, compaction stress in fine gravels coupled with size asymmetries in larval strength may have caused the patterns that we observed, in which case our data may not help explain the egg size -gravel size correlation.Résumé : La taille moyenne des oeufs d'une population de salmonidés augmente en fonction de la taille moyenne du gravier dans lequel cette population fraie. Une hypothèse de longue date veut que les larves de grande taille ne peuvent pas se déplacer dans les interstices de gravier fin et que les mères doivent réduire leur investissement par rejeton lorsque le gravier de fraie est fin. Nous avons manipulé la taille du gravier d'incubation et la taille des oeufs chez des saumons atlantiques (Salmo salar) afin de tester s'il se produit un ensevelissement des larves en fonction de la taille. Nous trouvons peu d'indications d'un ensevelissement relié à la taille, mais il y a des preuves que la taille du gravier n'affecte pas toutes les tailles de larves de même manière. Les larves plus grandes émergent des graviers fins avant la fin de leur développement et avec un sac vitellin bien visible, peut-être à cause de la limitation de l'oxygène dans les graviers fins. Les larves plus petites complètent toujours leur développement dans le gravier et émergent sans sac vitellin. Bien que la croissance et la survie puissent augmenter en fonction de la taille des jeunes après la absorption du sac vitellin, les jeunes avec sac vitellin peuvent réussir moins bien lorsque les taux de prédation sont élevés. La corrélation entre la taille des oeufs et la taille du gravier peut donc refléter une mortalité accrue après l'émergence chez les rejetons de plus grande taille dans les environnements de gravier fin. Par ailleurs, le stress de compaction dans les graviers fins combiné aux asymétries reliées à la taille dans les forces des larves peuvent avoir causé les patrons que nous avons observés; dans ce cas, nos données pe...

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Riverine salmonid egg burial depths: review of published data and implications for scour studies

Cited by 97 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of Environmental Conditions during Stream, Estuary, and Ocean Residency on Chinook Salmon Return Rates in the Skagit River, Washington

Effects of Environmental Conditions during Stream, Estuary, and Ocean Residency on Chinook Salmon Return Rates in the Skagit River, Washington

Potential effects of climate change on streambed scour and risks to salmonid survival in snow‐dominated mountain basins

Why does egg size of salmonids increase with the mean size of population spawning gravels?

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