RML2SHACL: RDF Generation Taking Shape

Abstract

RDF graphs are often generated by mapping data in other (semi-) structured data formats to RDF. Such mapped graphs have a repetitive structure defined by (i) the mapping rules and (ii) the schema of the input sources. However, this information is not exploited beyond its original scope. SHACL was recently introduced to model constraints that RDF graphs should validate. SHACL shapes and their constraints are either manually defined or derived from ontologies or RDF graphs. We investigate a method to derive the shapes and their constraints from mapping rules, allowing the generation of the RDF graph and the corresponding shapes in one step. In this paper, we present RML2SHACL: an approach to generate SHACL shapes that validate RDF graphs defined by RML mapping rules. RML2SHACL relies on our proposed set of correspondences between RML and SHACL constructs. RML2SHACL covers a large variety of RML constructs, as proven by generating shapes for the RML test cases. A comparative analysis shows that shapes generated by RML2SHACL are similar to shapes generated by ontology-based tools, with a larger focus on data value-based constraints instead of schema-based constraints. We also found that RML2SHACL has a faster execution time than data-graph based approaches for data sizes of 90MB and higher.

From Shapes to Shapes: Inferring SHACL Shapes for Results of SPARQL CONSTRUCT Queries

“…Calvanese et al [9] and Sequeda et al [30] consider inference of RDFS and OWL, respectively, from direct mappings [2] between relational data and RDF. Similarly, Thapa and Giese [33] consider inferences of SHACL shapes from direct mappings, while RML2SHACL [12] allows the translation of RML rules to SHACL shapes. These approaches differ from our approach, in that the input is restricted to a direct mapping or RML mapping from relational data, whereas in our case, the input is defined by an arbitrary query pattern imposing additional constraints, as well as constraints explicitly given as input shapes.…”