RNA Interference of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid Oxidase (ACO1 and ACO2) Genes Expression Prolongs the Shelf Life of Eksotika (Carica papaya L.) Papaya Fruit

Sekeli, Rogayah; Abdullah, Janna Ong; Namasivayam, Parameswari; Muda, Pauziah; Bakar, Umi Kalsom Abu; Yeong, Wee Chien; Pillai, Vilasini

doi:10.3390/molecules19068350

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In our previous study, using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry and a variety of multivariate statistical methods, including PCA, PLS-DA and OPLS-DA, it was confirmed that L-dopa, 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid and tartronic acid, which are primarily associated with amino acid, glycogen metabolism and the TCA cycle, were markedly altered (46,47). In the present study, it was found that certain genes were significantly altered in the animal model group, including transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2, monoacylglycerol O-acyltransferase, ATP citrate lyase and angiopoietin-like 4, which are related to lipid metabolism (48,49), glycogen synthase 2, dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase, glucagon receptor and pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 beta subunit, which are important in several biological functions including glycogen metabolic process and response to glucose (50,51), and aconitase 1, which is involved in TAC (52,53), indicating there were some metabolic disorders during the development of RA, which is consistent with our previous studies (46,47). Following the administration of AST, the expression of these genes returned to normal levels, indicating that AST can regulate disorders of metabolism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of astragalosides on long non-coding RNA expression profiles in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis

Jiang

Liu

et al. 2019

Int J Mol Med

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, which occurs in ~1.0% of the general population. Increasing studies have suggested that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may serve important roles in various biological processes and may be associated with the pathogenesis of different types of disease, including RA. Astragalosides (AST) has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of RA. However, the mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect has remained unclear to date. Thus, there is an urgent need to elucidate the possible mechanism of AST in the treatment of RA from the perspective of lncRNAs. In the present study, the lncRNAs and mRNAs of a vehicle group, animal model group and AST treatment (control) group were determined by Arraystar Rat lncRNA/mRNA microarray. The differentially expressed genes with a fold change >1.5 and P<0.05 were selected and analyzed. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway analysis was performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integration Discovery, and the coding-non-coding gene co-expression network was drawn based on the correlation analysis between the differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs. Based on node degree and the correlation between bioinformatics analysis and RA, the critical differentially expressed lncRNAs were selected, analyzed and verified by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis. The results showed that, following AST treatment, up to 75 lncRNAs and 247 mRNAs were found to be differentially expressed among the three groups. GO and pathway analysis manifested that 135 GO terms and 17 pathways were enriched by differentially expressed genes. Four lncRNAs (MRAK012530, MRAK132628, MRAK003448 and XR_006457) were selected as the critical lncRNAs and their trend in expression showed consistency between the RT-qPCR and microarray data. In conclusion, AST had a regulatory effect on differentially expressed lncRNAs during the development of RA, and four lncRNAs could be selected as critical therapeutic targets of AST.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of astragalosides on long non-coding RNA expression profiles in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis

Jiang

Liu

et al. 2019

Int J Mol Med

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“…ACO has been targeted using various antisense RNAi techniques to downregulate its expression and consequently decrease ethylene production, resulting in control over fruit ripening and postharvest storage. Table 3 shows that this approach was successfully implemented for a wide variety of fruits: apple, lemon, kiwi, melon, papaya, pear, and tomato (Hamilton et al, 1990; Picton et al, 1993; English et al, 1995; Ayub et al, 1996; Guis et al, 1997; Bauchot et al, 1998; Ben-Amor et al, 1999; Dandekar et al, 2004; Silva et al, 2004; Xiong et al, 2005; Nuñez-Palenius et al, 2006; Gao et al, 2007; Lin et al, 2008; López-Gómez et al, 2009; Batra et al, 2010; Atkinson et al, 2011; Sekeli et al, 2014; Zhang et al, 2016). In all these studies, fruit ripening was delayed and shelf-life was prolonged.…”

Section: Aco Biotechnology and Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Oxidase (ACO): The Enzyme That Makes the Plant Hormone Ethylene

2019

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The volatile plant hormone ethylene regulates many plant developmental processes and stress responses. It is therefore crucial that plants can precisely control their ethylene production levels in space and time. The ethylene biosynthesis pathway consists of two dedicated steps. In a first reaction, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) is converted into 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) by ACC-synthase (ACS). In a second reaction, ACC is converted into ethylene by ACC-oxidase (ACO). Initially, it was postulated that ACS is the rate-limiting enzyme of this pathway, directing many studies to unravel the regulation of ACS protein activity, and stability. However, an increasing amount of evidence has been gathered over the years, which shows that ACO is the rate-limiting step in ethylene production during certain dedicated processes. This implies that also the ACO protein family is subjected to a stringent regulation. In this review, we give an overview about the state-of-the-art regarding ACO evolution, functionality and regulation, with an emphasis on the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational control. We also highlight the importance of ACO being a prime target for genetic engineering and precision breeding, in order to control plant ethylene production levels.

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“…A previous study showed that acetylsalicylic acid inhibits ethylene production by inhibiting ACO activity [11]. RNA interference in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase ( ACO1 and ACO2 ) gene expression has also been reported to prolong the shelf life of Eksotika papaya fruit [12]. These studies showed that ACO was related to the physiological and biochemical changes in plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CtACO1 Overexpression Resulted in the Alteration of the Flavonoids Profile of Safflower

Yanhua

Gao

et al. 2019

Molecules

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Background: Flavonoids with various structures play a vital role in plant acclimatization to varying environments as well as in plant growth, development, and reproduction. Exogenous applications of ethylene and 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC), could affect the accumulation of flavonoids. Very few attempts have been made to investigate the effect of 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO), a unique enzyme that catalyzes ACC to ethylene, on genes and metabolites in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. In this study, two ACOs in safflower (CtACOs) were cloned, and then transgenic safflower with overexpressed CtACO1 was generated through the Agrobacterium-mediated floral dipping method. Results: CtACO1 and CtACO2 were both characterized by the 2-oxoglutarate binding domain RxS and the ferrous iron binding site HxDxnH as ACOs from other plants. However, the transcript levels of CtACO1 in flowers at stages I, II, III, and IV were all higher than those of CtACO2. At the cellular level, by using electroporation transformation, CtACO1 was found to be localized at the cytomembrane in onion epidermal cells. CtACO1 overexpression had varying effects on genes involved in the ethylene and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. The metabolites analysis showed that CtACO1 overexpression lines had a higher accumulation of quercetin and its glycosylated derivatives (quercetin 3-β-d-glucoside and rutin). In contrast, the accumulation of quinochalcones (hydroxysafflor yellow A and carthamin), kaempferol glycosylated derivatives (kaempferol-3-O-β-rutinoside and kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucoside), apigenin, and luteolin in CtACO1 overexpression lines were decreased. Conclusion: This study confirmed the feasibility of applying the floral dipping method to safflower and showed a novel regulatory effect of CtACO1 in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. It provides hypothetical and practical groundwork for further research on regulating the overall metabolic flux of flavonoids in safflower, particularly hydroxysafflor yellow A and other quinochalcones, by using appropriate genetic engineering strategies.

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RNA Interference of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid Oxidase (ACO1 and ACO2) Genes Expression Prolongs the Shelf Life of Eksotika (Carica papaya L.) Papaya Fruit

Cited by 18 publications

References 26 publications

Effect of astragalosides on long non-coding RNA expression profiles in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis

Effect of astragalosides on long non-coding RNA expression profiles in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Oxidase (ACO): The Enzyme That Makes the Plant Hormone Ethylene

CtACO1 Overexpression Resulted in the Alteration of the Flavonoids Profile of Safflower

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