“…Plant defense reactions involve a complicated development course of physiological and biochemical changes. The plant hormone signal transduction, MAPK signaling pathway, plant–pathogen interaction pathway, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathway are involved in the bacterial wilt disease response ( Ishihara et al, 2012 ; Chen et al, 2018 ; Dai et al, 2019 ; Jiang et al, 2019 ; Li et al, 2021a , 2021c ; Wei et al, 2021 ; Zhang & Klessig, 2001 ). After R. solanacearum attack, flavonoids are of prime importance in tomato and Casuarina equisetifolia defense responses ( Zeiss et al, 2018 , 2019 ; Wei et al, 2021 ).…”