RNN‐EdgeQL: An auto‐scaling and placement approach for SFC

Abstract

Summary This paper proposes a prediction‐based scaling and placement of service function chains (SFCs) to improve service level agreement (SLA) and reduce operation cost. We used a variant of recurrent neural network (RNN) called gated recurrent unit (GRU) for resource demand prediction. Then, considering these predictions, we built an intuitive scale in/out algorithm. We also developed an algorithm that applies Q‐Learning on Edge computing environment (EdgeQL) to place these scaled‐out VNFs in appropriate locations. The integrated algorithm that combines prediction, scaling, and placement are called RNN‐EdgeQL. RNN‐EdgeQL (v2) is further improved to achieve application agnostic group level elasticity in the chain, independent of applications installed on the VNFs. We tested our algorithm on two realistic temporal dynamic load models including Internet traffic (Abilene) and an application specific traffic (Wiki) on an OpenStack testbed. The contribution of this article is threefold. First, prediction model prepares the target SFC for the upcoming load. Second, an application agnostic characteristics of the algorithm achieves the group‐level elasticity in SFC. Finally, the EdgeQL placement model minimizes the end‐to‐end path of an SFC in multi‐access edge computing (MEC) environment. As a result, RNN‐EdgeQL (v2) gives the lowest overall latency, lowest SLA violations, and lowest VNFs requirement, compared to RNN‐EdgeQL (v1) and Threshold‐Openstack default placement.

FineTuning-based BERT for Spam Emails Identification

“…For example, two words e[0] = "banana" and e[1] = "grapes" have cosine_similarity([e[0]],[e[1]]) as 0.9911089. This makes sense as they are both fruits; e [3] = "Jeff Bezos" and e [4] = "Elon Musk" have cosine_similarity([e [3]], [e [4]]) as 0.98720354 as they are both famous entrepreneurs; comparing banana with Jeff Bezos gives the value 0.84 but it is not as close as 0.99 or 0.98 from examples before.…”

“…Several Text Classification models have been proved to be effective, for example Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Although they have been proven to be effective in many tasks [2][3][4][5], certain problems exists [1]. For instance, it is hard for long sentence to be learned well by the model due to the problem called vanishing gradient.…”