Road dust trace elements contamination, sources, dispersed composition, and human health risk in Chelyabinsk, Russia

Elemental Composition of PM2.5 and PM10 and Health Risks Assessment in the Industrial Districts of Chelyabinsk, South Ural Region, Russia

“…Both Al and Fe are normally assigned to crustal origin (natural sources) but could also be partially from anthropogenic origin, for example road dust resuspension (likely at all stations), slag dump dust (Station 2), and steel manufacturing plant emissions (Station 3 with nearly double the Fe concentration in the PM 10 fraction). Zn (77–206 ng/m 3 ), Mn (10–96 ng/m 3 ), and Pb (11–41 ng/m 3 ) had the highest concentration among the TEs, all of which could also be identified as potentially toxic elements and of anthropogenic origin [ 19 ]. There were no statistically significant season differences observed or a discernable difference between the two fractions, therefore the often observed enrichment of TEs in the smaller fraction was not evident in our data set.…”

“…The loaded PM 2.5 and PM 10 filters were placed into a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) digestion vessel for acid treatment (2 mL hydrofluoric acid and 6 mL nitric acid), then microwave digested (MWS 4 Speedwave, Berghof, Germany) for 2 h after the setup routine to analyze metal(loid) elements [ 19 , 20 , 21 ]. After digestion, the extracts were filtered using a blue ribbon filter (Whatman Grade 589/3 ashless filter paper), and distilled water was added such that the total volume was 25 mL.…”

“…The health impact from exposure to the elements in PM 2.5 and PM 10 is used in the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) human health evaluation method [ 22 ]. There are three major exposure pathways to metal(loid)s: ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact [ 19 , 23 , 24 ]. In the present study, we assessed the health risk from inhalation [ 25 ] according to USEPA standard [ 22 , 26 ].…”

Geochemistry of Street Dust in Tyumen, Russia: Influence of Traffic Load

“…It is believed that the predominance of particles with a size of 180 ... 240 μm in road dust is evidence of the in ux of soil particles and particles associated with tra c -abrasion of the roadway, tires, metal parts of cars (Christoforidis and Stamatis 2009). Particles with a size of 60 ... 90 μm come with emissions from industrial sources and thermal power plants thermal power plants (Krupnova et al 2020). According to (Zaytseva et al 2013), the dust particles less than 10 μm is formed in all technological processes at metallurgical enterprises.…”

“…So, in Moscow, road dust has a predominantly sandy loam composition (sandy loam), the share of PM> 50 averages 69.1%, PM10-50 -16.3%, PM1-10 -12.8%, PM <1 1, 8% (Vlasov et al 2015). In Chelyabinsk (Russia), road dust was dominated by particles ranging in size from 30 ... 40 to 250 ... 300 μm, (Krupnova et al 2020). In Turin (Italy), road dust was signi cantly dominated by fractions of 50-200 μm and 200-2000 μm, the content of which was 27 and 62%, respectively (Padoan et al 2017).…”