“…Linear-parabolic lane models are proposed for lane departure warning systems, in which the linear function and quadratic function are used to model the lane markings in the near field and far field, respectively [ 33 , 37 ]. Hough Transform (HT) and its variants (e.g., improved HT, randomized HT, hierarchical HT) are widely used for straight or curved lane marking detection [ 2 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. However, one primary limitation of this method is how to model arbitrary road shape.…”