Road Pavement Thickness and Construction Depth Optimization Using Treated and Untreated Artificially-Synthesized Expansive Road Subgrade Materials with Varying Plasticity Index

Amakye, Samuel Y. O.; Abbey, Samuel J.; Booth, Colin A.; Oti, Jonathan

doi:10.3390/ma15082773

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Standard Proctor Compaction Test established the maximum unit weight using a controlled compact force at an optimum water content. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test is a penetration test used to evaluate the strength of subgrade soil which eventually influences the thickness of road pavement and thus impacts the construction cost [10].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strength Behaviour of Expansive Subgrade Soil Stabilized with Coronus Material

Pisini

Thammadi

2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Expansive subgrade soil needs to be re-engineered to enhance the load-bearing capacity as it lacks the capacity to sustain traffic and pavement load. Although various chemical modification techniques have proven to be effective for stabilization, they are expensive and unsustainable. Coronus aggregate material is an uplifted coralline deposit abundantly available in the Pacific. The current study focuses on the strength behavior of fine-grained soil notably clayey soil when blended with coronus material as a potential alternative to the usual soil stabilization methods employed in the construction industry. To successfully stabilize the clayey soil sample with the coronus material, the particle size distribution, coefficient of uniformity, and curvature of the clayey soil sample and coronus material were determined. The results indicate that the coronus material is well-graded. The consistency of the soil sample was determined using the four-point Casagrande method for Atterberg limits i.e, the liquid limit, plastic limit, and shrinkage limit of the clayey soil. The load-bearing capacity of the clayey soil stabilized with coronus material was determined using standard compaction tests to calculate the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of clay before and after blending with 10% increments of coronus material. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test results of all the samples were determined using standard CBR laboratory tests. It has been observed that the addition of coronus material has improved the load-bearing capacity of clayey soil. Hence, it is recommended that, wherever possible, coronus material be utilized as a stabilizing agent to improve the geotechnical properties of expansive subgrade soil.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strength Behaviour of Expansive Subgrade Soil Stabilized with Coronus Material

Pisini

Thammadi

2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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“…Stresses within the various layers of the pavement were analysed using KENPAV software, and a detailed description of KENPAV software is as reported in the authors' previous study [3,15]. The suppliers' information for the bentonite, kaolinite, cement and lime used in this study are as reported in the authors' previous study [2]. The brick dust waste (BDW) was supplied by Celtic Sustainable Ltd., Unit 9 Parc Teifi Business Park Cardigan, Wales, SA43 1EW UK and complies with BS EN 771-1:2011+A1:2015.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The California bearing ratio (CBR) is a penetration test to investigate the strength of subgrade and evaluate its bearing capacity to carry traffic load [1]. CBR plays an important role in determining the thickness and type of road pavement materials to select during the construction phase of a project [2]. In this study, the Design Manual for Road and Bridges (DMRB) was used in the design of road pavement and road pavement failure investigation conducted using clay treated with waste and industrial by-products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The process of treating clay using cement and lime to improve its CBR to make them usable in road construction can lead to a high overall construction cost of road pavement [1,4]. Countries such as the United States and China have spent USD 30 billion on maintenance costs only due to road pavement defects caused by clay [2,4]. Road pavement defect that leads to permanent damage to the pavement was investigated in this study using a mixture of bentonite and kaolinite to form clay with varying plasticity index.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance of Sustainable Road Pavements Founded on Clay Subgrades Treated with Eco-Friendly Cementitious Materials

et al. 2022

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Clays encountered during road construction are mostly weak and result in major pavement failures due to their low California bearing ratio (CBR) and high swelling potential. In this study, sustainable and eco-friendly waste materials including brick dust waste (BDW), ground granulated blastfurnance slag (GGBS), recycled plastic (RP) and recycled glass (RG) at varying proportions of 11.75% and 23.5% were used as partial replacement for cement and lime in clay treatment. After determining the water content by conducting Atterberg limit and compaction test, A CBR and swell characteristics of treated and untreated clay were also conducted. A road pavement design was conducted using the Design Manual for Road and Bridges (DMRB) as a guide to determine the performance of treated clay with varying CBR values. A road pavement failure analysis was also conducted to understand the defect formation within pavement structures supported by eco-friendly treated clay. The embodied carbon of treated clay was calculated and a life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) of flexible pavement with treated clay and road with imported materials was conducted. The results show a liquid limit of 131.26 and plastic limit of 28.74 for high plasticity index (clay 1) and liquid limit of 274.07 and a plastic limit of 45.38 for extremely high plasticity index (clay 2). An increase in CBR values from 8% and 9% to 57% and 97% with a reduction in swell values from 4.11% and 5.03% to 0.38% and 0.56% were recorded. This resulted in a reduction in pavement thickness and stresses within the road pavement leading to reduced susceptibility of the pavement to fatigue, rutting and permanent deformation. Very low embodied carbon was recorded for eco-friendly treated clay and a high life cycle cost (LCC) with clay removed and replaced with imported materials compared with clay treated using eco-friendly waste materials. The study concluded that carbon and overall construction costs can be reduced using waste materials in road construction. Owners and operators can save money when clay is treated and used in road construction instead of removing clay and replacing it with imported materials.

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“…The swell–shrink behaviour is partly due to the dissolution of gypsum and partly due to the expansion of soil particles upon the water flow, both of which induce volume increase and strength reduction [ 17 , 18 ]. Therefore, the construction of engineering structures upon such soils can be harmful, as they induce a severe challenge, threatening sustainability by inducing ground subsidence with the formation of voids, cracks, excessive settlement in dry conditions, and volume expansion upon wetting [ 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Gypsum Content on the Long-Term Performance of Lime-Stabilised Soil

2022

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The role of gypsum level on the long-term strength and expansion of soil stabilised with different lime contents is not well understood. This research, therefore, studied the effect of varying gypsum concentrations of 0, 3, 6, and 9 wt% (equivalent to the sulfate contents of 0, 1.4, 2.8, and 4.2%, respectively) on the performance of sulfate soil stabilised with two lime levels (4 and 6 wt%). This was carried out to establish the threshold level of gypsum/lime (G/L) at which the increase in G/L ratio does not affect the performance of lime-stabilised sulfate soil. Both unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and expansion, along with the derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis, were adopted to accomplish the present objective. Accordingly, the result indicated that the strength and expansion were proportional to the lime and sulfate content, of which a G/L ratio of 1.5 was the optimum case scenario for UCS, and at the same time, the worst-case scenario for expansion. This discovery is vital, as it is anticipated to serve as a benchmark for future research related to the design of effective binders for suppressing the sulfate-induced expansion in lime-stabilised gypseous soil.

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Road Pavement Thickness and Construction Depth Optimization Using Treated and Untreated Artificially-Synthesized Expansive Road Subgrade Materials with Varying Plasticity Index

Cited by 13 publications

References 36 publications

Strength Behaviour of Expansive Subgrade Soil Stabilized with Coronus Material

Strength Behaviour of Expansive Subgrade Soil Stabilized with Coronus Material

Performance of Sustainable Road Pavements Founded on Clay Subgrades Treated with Eco-Friendly Cementitious Materials

Role of Gypsum Content on the Long-Term Performance of Lime-Stabilised Soil

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