Road Projections: Impact on Road Users and Potential to Enhance Awareness of Backing Situation in Parking Lots

Azouigui, Shéhérazade; Saudrais, Sébastien; Barbedette, Bertrand; Bordel, Stéphanie; Delauzun, Sylvia; Khatir, Basile; Neumann, Cornelius; Jahn, Patric; Balembois, François; Jaillette, Philippe

doi:10.4271/2021-01-5078

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…One encouraging thing is that more studies on specific application methods of road projection or communication lamp have been recently attempted and showed the possibilities of the TSGL. 9,10,13,14 If follow-up studies on the application of TSGL sufficiently prove that it…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of direction judgements based on turn signal guide lamp and behavioural responses

Pak

Kang

Song

et al. 2022

Lighting Research & Technology

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Traffic crashes frequently occur at intersections because drivers or pedestrians cannot properly anticipate the direction towards which other vehicles are turning. A turn signal guide lamp was developed to improve the observer’s direction judgement of turn signals, and experiments were conducted to test the effect of the guide lamp based on behavioural responses. Our experimental results demonstrated that the turning direction judgement response time was reduced when both the turn signal indicators and turn signal guide lamps were used together compared with the case when only the turn signal indicators were used. Supplementary eye-tracking data also demonstrated that the gaze point frequently stayed on the light patterns on the ground marked by the turn signal guide lamps. Additional glare evaluation using the de Boer scale showed no significant difference between the turn signal indicator with a guide lamp and the turn signal indicator alone on dry or wet road surfaces. Therefore, it is expected that the newly developed turn signal guide lamp will increase the observer’s performance of direction judgement on the turn signalling function without causing an additional glare when the observer knows the function of the guide lamp.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of direction judgements based on turn signal guide lamp and behavioural responses

Pak

Kang

Song

et al. 2022

Lighting Research & Technology

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“…In another study, The impact of road projection symbols on road users, i.e., pedestrians, cyclists, and drivers, was considered in the backing up situation in parking lots. A total of thirty-two subjects were involved in this experiment [32]. Results showed that onroad projection in the backing up situation increases the on-road awareness, understanding, and perception of the whole situation.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NASA-TLX [44], Van der Laan user acceptance scale [45], an affinity for technology interaction scale [46], system usability scale [47], and safety scale [48] were employed. However, some custom self-designed questionnaires were considered by employing an already established unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model [32,49,50]. Table 1 shows the questionnaire used in this study.…”

Section: Questionnairesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study the Effect of eHMI Projection Distance and Contrast on People Acceptance in Blind-Spot Detection Scenario

2022

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External human-machine interaction (eHMI) road projections are a new feature for automotive lighting to improve vehicle communication with other road users. These modalities are used to draw users’ attention and awareness to specific situations. However, such advanced capabilities are still being debated to be used on the road in the context of whether or not such road projections can provide a clear and understandable message to road users in a specific scenario or lead to anticipation and change in the driving behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate human factors aspects, such as the feeling of safety, useability, understanding, acceptability, and driver behavior. This study investigates the change in distance and luminance contrast and its effect on human driving behavior and acceptability in blind spot detection scenarios on the highway. A lab experiment with 12 participants is performed to analyze: understanding, satisfaction, usability, visibility, safety, workload, and driving behavior towards eHMI projection while varying projecting distance and luminance contrast. Video recordings and a designed questionnaire were used during the whole process. Results show that ego vehicle drivers prefer a projection distance between 5 to 10 m. However, a distance of 5 m is preferred by overtaking vehicle drivers in terms of visibility and safety. Luminance contrasts have no significant effect on the symbol’s visibility in 5 m and 10 m projection distances. In contrast, participants in overtaking vehicles feel difficult to understand the situation for 15 m condition, which increases their overall workload significantly (p < 0019). No significant effect is recorded in terms of change in driving behavior.

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“…Various studies have shown possible solutions for how AVs can be integrated into the current traffic and what implementations are necessary to improve the interaction of AVs and other RUs [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Although displays mounted on AVs are a possible solution for communication and prevention of accidents, ground projections have advantages to preventing accidents or conflicts with vulnerable RUs by illustrating a projection directly in the addressed RUs field of view [4,6,7,[10][11][12][13]. To guarantee successful communication of a projection-based humanmachine interface, several studies are investigating aspects such as visibility thresholds, necessary resolution, comprehension of the projected content, and whether the projection should be in the near-or far-field of the vehicle [4,5,7,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, current studies focus on simple pattern-based projection [7,[10][11][12][13]16,18], except for Stuckert and Khanh's [19] study which considers complex patterns such as text-based projections. The testing focuses on the resolution requirements under several ambient luminance levels in the mesopic vision with a constant contrast ratio to not influence the visual acuity perception [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Analysis of Visibility Requirements and Reaction Times of Near-Field Projections

Schlürscheid,

Stuckert,

Erkan

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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Successful communication between highly automated vehicles and vulnerable road users will be crucial in the future. In addition to the technical requirements of the communication system, the projected content is also essential to ensure successful communication. For this purpose, previous studies have investigated the necessary technical requirements for near-field projections. However, the impact of the presentation content, whether symbol- or text-based, on the technological domain, has yet to be investigated. Therefore, a psychophysical subject study investigated the necessary detection probability for symbol- and text-based projection in the near-field of a vehicle. The visibility of symbol- and text-based projections were analyzed by the subject’s detection rate of the tested projection in an ambient lighting scenario of 20 lx at two different distances. Additionally, the corresponding reaction time of the subjects was measured. The results of the subject study showed that, contrarily, an arbitrary increase does not reduce the reaction time and thus saturates at a level of 650 ms before the 90% detection threshold for both projection contents. The observed detection contrast indicates that symbol-based projections need approximately 25% less contrast level than text-based projections to reach a 90% detection rate.

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Road Projections: Impact on Road Users and Potential to Enhance Awareness of Backing Situation in Parking Lots

Cited by 5 publications

References 25 publications

Evaluation of direction judgements based on turn signal guide lamp and behavioural responses

Evaluation of direction judgements based on turn signal guide lamp and behavioural responses

Study the Effect of eHMI Projection Distance and Contrast on People Acceptance in Blind-Spot Detection Scenario

An Analysis of Visibility Requirements and Reaction Times of Near-Field Projections

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