Road tunnel air pollution induces bronchoalveolar inflammation in healthy subjects

Larsson, B-M; Sehlstedt, Maria; Grünewald, Johan; Sköld, C. Magnus; Lundin, Anders; Blomberg, Anders; Sandström, Thomas; Eklund, Anders; Svartengren, Magnus

doi:10.1183/09031936.00035706

Cited by 74 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…Particle exposure measured as PM10 has, however, been found to be high in the subway environment. In Stockholm (Sweden), the PM levels in the subway are 5-10 times higher than at street level in the inner city area [8] and comparable to those found in the road tunnel [9]. This is also the case in several other cities such as London (UK) [10,11], Rome (Italy) [12], New York (NY, USA) [13] and Seoul (Republic of Korea) [14].…”

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confidence: 53%

“…In an earlier in vivo study performed in a road tunnel, we demonstrated that particles derived from motor traffic induce inflammatory reactions in the lower airways of healthy individuals, such as increased concentration of inflammatory cells in BAL fluid (BALF) [9].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The study design was chosen to facilitate direct comparison with results obtained in the previously mentioned road tunnel exposure study [9]. Cellular response and inflammatory mediators were explored in blood and by performing BAL, and the effects on lung function were measured by spirometry.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Health effects of a subway environment in healthy volunteers

Nyström

Svartengren²,

Grünewald³

et al. 2009

Eur Respir J

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Environmental particle exposure, often estimated as the particulate mass of particles with a diameter ,10 mm, ,2.5 mm or ,1 mm (PM10, PM2.5 or PM1), is known to have a negative impact on the health of the population. Little is known about how the size and origin of particles influence the effects. We have previously shown that exposure to a road tunnel environment causes a cellular inflammatory response in the airways of healthy individuals. In the present study, our aim was to investigate potential airway health effects from exposure to a subway environment.20 healthy volunteers were exposed to a subway and a control environment for 2 h, followed by measurements of lung function and the inflammatory response in the lower airways (bronchoscopy) and in the peripheral blood.No cellular response was found in the airways after exposure to the subway environment. In the blood, we found a statistically significant increase in fibrinogen and regulatory T-cells expressing CD4/CD25/FOXP3.Subway and road tunnel environments have similar levels of PM10 and PM2.5, whilst the concentrations of ultrafine particles, nitrogen monoxide and dioxide are lower in the subway. Although no cellular response was detected, the findings indicate a biological response to the subway environment. Our studies show that using gravimetric estimates of ambient particulate air pollution alone may have clear limitations in health-risk assessment.

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confidence: 53%

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confidence: 99%

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Health effects of a subway environment in healthy volunteers

Nyström

Svartengren²,

Grünewald³

et al. 2009

Eur Respir J

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“…have shown chronic diesel exhaust particle exposure in mice to lead to increased CD8 T cells within the lung together with alveolar airspace enlargement 44. Controlled human exposure to diesel exhaust and also exposure to traffic‐related air pollution have both shown increased numbers of lymphocytes within the lungs after pollution exposure 29, 45. Indeed we have found that controlled human exposure to diesel exhaust results in increase in cellular GRZMA mRNA expression in lower respiratory tract leucocytes, with immunocytochemistry indicating an increase in Granzyme A‐positive lymphocytes (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban particulate matter stimulation of human dendritic cells enhances priming of naive CD8 T lymphocytes

Pfeffer

Mann

et al. 2017

Immunology

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SummaryEpidemiological studies have consistently shown associations between elevated concentrations of urban particulate matter (UPM) air pollution and exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which are both associated with viral respiratory infections. The effects of UPM on dendritic cell (DC) ‐stimulated CD4 T lymphocytes have been investigated previously, but little work has focused on CD8 T‐lymphocyte responses despite their importance in anti‐viral immunity. To address this, we examined the effects of UPM on DC‐stimulated naive CD8 T‐cell responses. Expression of the maturation/activation markers CD83, CCR7, CD40 and MHC class I on human myeloid DCs (mDCs) was characterized by flow cytometry after stimulation with UPM in vitro in the presence/absence of granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF). The capacity of these mDCs to stimulate naive CD8 T‐lymphocyte responses in allogeneic co‐culture was then assessed by measuring T‐cell cytokine secretion using cytometric bead array, and proliferation and frequency of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ)‐producing T lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Treatment of mDCs with UPM increased expression of CD83 and CCR7, but not MHC class I. In allogeneic co‐cultures, UPM treatment of mDCs enhanced CD8 T‐cell proliferation and the frequency of IFN‐γ + cells. The secretion of tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐13, Granzyme A and Granzyme B were also increased. GM‐CSF alone, and in concert with UPM, enhanced many of these T‐cell functions. The PM‐induced increase in Granzyme A was confirmed in a human experimental diesel exposure study. These data demonstrate that UPM treatment of mDCs enhances priming of naive CD8 T lymphocytes and increases production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Such UPM‐induced stimulation of CD8 cells may potentiate T‐lymphocyte cytotoxic responses upon concurrent airway infection, increasing bystander damage to the airways.

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“…Personal exposures to PM 2.5 , black carbon, and particle number were all elevated during the trip, and were associated with increased exhaled NO levels, which were interpreted as indicators of airway inflammation. Larsson et al (2007) exposed 16 healthy adults to air pollution in a busy road tunnel (B120,000 vpd) with high levels of PM and NO 2 and noted an inflammatory airway response.…”

Section: Exposure Measurements and Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On exposure and response relationships for health effects associated with exposure to vehicular traffic

Lipfert

Wyzga

2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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This work examines various metrics and models that have been used to estimate long-term health effects of exposure to vehicular traffic. Such health impacts may include effects of air pollution due to emissions of combustion products and from vehicle or roadway wear, of noise, stress, or from socioeconomic effects associated with preferred residential locations. Both categorical and continuous exposure metrics are considered, typically for distances between residences and roadways, or for traffic density or intensity. It appears that continuous measures of exposure tend to yield lower risk estimates that are also more precise than categorical measures based on arbitrary criteria. The selection of appropriate exposure increments to characterize relative risks is also important in comparing pollutants and other agents. Confounding and surrogate variables are also important issues, since studies of traffic proximity or density cannot identify the specific agents related to traffic exposures that might be responsible for the various health endpoints that have been implicated. Studies based on ambient air quality measurements are necessarily restricted to species for which data are available, some of which may be serving as markers for the actual agents of harm. Studies based on modeled air quality are limited by the accuracy of mobile source emission inventories, which may not include poorly maintained (high emitting) vehicles. Additional exposure modeling errors may result from precision limitations of geocoding methods. Studies of the health effects of traffic are progressing from establishing the existence of relationships to describing them in more detail, but effective remedies or control strategies have generally not yet been proposed in the context of these epidemiological studies. Resolution of these dose-response uncertainties is important for the development of effective public health strategies for the future.

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Road tunnel air pollution induces bronchoalveolar inflammation in healthy subjects

Cited by 74 publications

References 23 publications

Health effects of a subway environment in healthy volunteers

Health effects of a subway environment in healthy volunteers

Urban particulate matter stimulation of human dendritic cells enhances priming of naive CD8 T lymphocytes

On exposure and response relationships for health effects associated with exposure to vehicular traffic

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